Effect of closed head injuries on development of the vascular system of the brain

1968 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 806-808
Author(s):  
E. N. Kosmarskaya ◽  
N. G. Palenova
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Brain

An Analytical Viscoelastic Model of the Head in Blunt Impacts

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab Baghaei ◽  
Ali Sadegh ◽  
Mohamad Rajaai
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Spherical Shell ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Brain Motion ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

The relative motion between the brain and skull and an increase in contact and shear stresses in the meningeal region could cause traumatic closed head injuries due to vehicular collisions, sport accidents and falls. There are many finite element studies of the brain/head models, but limited analytical models. The goal of this paper is to mathematically model subarachnoid space and the meningeal layers and to investigate the motion of the brain relative to the skull during blunt head impacts. The model consists of an elastic spherical shell representing the skull containing a visco-elastic solid material as the brain and a visco-elastic interface, which models the meningeal layers between the brain and the skull. In this study, the shell (the head) is moved toward a barrier and comes in contact with the barrier. Consequently, the skull deforms elastically and the brain is excited to come in contact with the skull. The viscoelastic characteristics of the interface (consisting of springs and dampers) are determined using experimental results of Hardy et al. [5]. Hertzian contact theory and Newtonian method are employed to acquire time dependant equations for the problem. The governing nonlinear integro-differential equations are formed and are solved using 4th order Runge Kutta method and elastic deformation of spherical shell, brain motion during the impact, and contact conditions between the brain and the skull are evaluated. Furthermore, some important mechanical parameters such as acceleration, impact force, and the impact time duration are also specified. The results of the analytical method are validated by performing an explicit finite element analysis. Acceptable agreement between these two methods is observed. The results of the analytical investigation give the contact threshold of the skull/brain, and represent the relevant velocity of this event. Furthermore, the impact analysis in different velocities is performed in order to compare the transmitted forces and the impact durations in different cases. It is concluded that the proposed mathematical model can predict head impacts in accidents and is capable in determining the relative brain motion of the skull and the brain. The mathematical model could be employed by other investigators to parametrically study the traumatic closed head injuries and hence to propose new head injury criteria.

Auditory brain stem responses (ABR) in patients with acute severe closed head injuries

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samy Elwany
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Grading System ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Injury Management ◽  
Auditory Brain Stem ◽  
Management Protocol ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Interpeak Latency ◽  
The Brain

AbstractABR were recorded in 68 cases suffering from severe acute closed head injuries. Abnormal recordings were observed in 60 per cent of patients, and the abnormalities ranged from prolongation of the interpeak latency intervals to complete absence of auditory brain stem activity. Based on the results obtained, a grading system was developed and correlated with the neurological outcome. It was concluded that ABR is a useful diagnostic and prognostic tool which can provide valuable information about the function of the brain stem in these patients. Inclusion of ABR studies in the head injury management protocol is strongly recommended.

Closed Head Injuries in Athletes

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Lehman ◽  
Steven J. Ravich
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head

scholarly journals A Retrospective Analysis of Softball-Related Head and Facial Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments, 2013-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 232596711982566 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Strickland ◽  
Marie Crandall ◽  
Grant R. Bevill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weighted Estimate ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Facial Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Background: Softball is a popular sport played through both competitive and recreational leagues. While head and facial injuries are a known problem occurring from games, little is known about the frequency or mechanisms by which they occur. Purpose: To analyze head/face injury diagnoses and to identify the mechanisms associated with such injuries. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: A public database was used to query data related to head/facial injuries sustained in softball. Data including age, sex, race/ethnicity, injury diagnosis, affected body parts, disposition, incident location, and narrative descriptions were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 3324 head and face injuries were documented in the database over the time span of 2013 to 2017, resulting in a nationwide weighted estimate of 121,802 head/face injuries occurring annually. The mean age of the players was 21.5 ± 14.4 years; 72.1% of injured players were female, while 27.9% were male. The most common injury diagnoses were closed head injuries (22.0%), contusions (18.7%), concussions (17.7%), lacerations (17.1%), and fractures (15.1%). The overwhelming majority of injuries involved being struck by a ball (74.3%), followed by colliding with another player (8.3%), colliding with the ground or a fixed object (5.0%), or being struck by a bat (2.8%). For those injuries caused by a struck-by-ball incident, most occurred from defensive play (83.7% were fielders struck by a hit or thrown ball) as opposed to offensive play (12.3% were players hit by a pitch or runners struck by a ball). Although helmet usage was poorly tracked in the database, female players (1.3%) were significantly more likely to have been wearing a helmet at the time of injury than were male players (0.2%) ( P = .002). Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that a large number of head and face injuries occur annually within the United States as a result of softball play. A variety of injuries were observed, with the majority involving defensive players being struck by the ball, which highlights the need for more focus on player safety by stronger adherence to protective headgear usage and player health monitoring.

The glial reaction in closed head injuries

1991 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. CROOKS ◽  
C. L. SCHOLTZ ◽  
G. VOWLES ◽  
S. GREENWALD ◽  
S. EVANS
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Glial Reaction ◽  
Closed Head

Airway complications in patients with closed-head injuries

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggyann Nowak ◽  
Arnold M. Cohn ◽  
Mary Ann Guidice
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Airway Complications ◽  
Closed Head

Inappropriate Discharge Instructions for Youth Athletes Hospitalized for Concussion

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-218
Author(s):  
Frank J. Genuardi ◽  
William D. King
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Discharge Instructions ◽  
Youth Athletes ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Grade 3

Objective. To evaluate the medical care, especially the discharge instructions regarding return to participation, received by youth athletes hospitalized for a closed head injury. Methods. We examined the records of all patients admitted over a 5-year period (1987 through 1991) to The Children's Hospital of Alabama for a sports-related closed head injury. Descriptive information was recorded and discharge instructions reviewed. Injury severity was graded according to guidelines current during the study period, as well as those outlined most recently by the Colorado Medical Society, which have been endorsed by a number of organizations including the American Academy of Pediatrics. Discharge instructions recorded for each patient were then compared with those recommended in the guidelines. Results. We identified 33 patients with sports-related closed head injuries. Grade 1 concussions (least severe) occurred in 8 patients (24.2%), grade 2 in 10 (30.3%), and grade 3 (most severe) in 15 (45.4%). Overall, discharge instructions were appropriate for only 10 patients (30.3%), including all with grade 1 concussions, but only 2 with a grade 2 (20.0%) and none with a grade 3 concussion. Conclusion. All who care for youth athletes must become familiar with the guidelines for management of concussion to provide appropriate care and counseling and to avoid a tragic outcome.

scholarly journals Fetal closed head injuries following maternal motor vehicle accident

Medicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (44) ◽  
pp. e13133
Author(s):  
Naoki Nishida ◽  
Shihomi Ina ◽  
Yukiko Hata ◽  
Yuko Nakanishi ◽  
Shin Ishizawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Closed Head

Processing of pragmatic and facial affective information by patients with closed-head injuries

Brain Injury ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude M. J Braun ◽  
Jacinthe M. C. Baribeau ◽  
Marie Ethier ◽  
Sylvie Daigneault ◽  
Robert Proulx
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head Injuries ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Affective Information
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