Transformation of tissues of the hamster by the action of monkey virus 40 and as A result of prolonged cultivation in vitro

1967 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-680
Author(s):  
G. I. Avgustinovich ◽  
M. Ya. Chumakova ◽  
V. Ya. Karmysheva
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Cultivation ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED CULTIVATION IN VITRO UPON THE PATHOGENICITY OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS

1937 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Theiler ◽  
Hugh H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Mouse Embryo ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Prolonged Cultivation ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

1. Experimental evidence is presented to show that prolonged cultivation of yellow fever virus in vitro results in a change in its pathogenicity, and that this change varies with the type of tissues used for the cultivation. 2. In the tissue cultures used for the propagation of the virus, three different types of tissues were used. They included whole mouse embryo, chick embryo from which the head and spinal cord had been removed, and testicular tissues of mice and guinea pigs. 3. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated for a period of over 3 years in a medium containing the tissues of whole mouse embryo were not striking. The viscerotropic virulence of the virus appeared somewhat diminished, in that when injected subcutaneously into rhesus monkeys or hedgehogs it failed to produce a fatal infection, although there is evidence to indicate that a generalized infection takes place as demonstrated by the appearance of virus in the circulating blood in relatively high concentration during infection. The neurotropic virulence of the virus remained unaltered during the cultivation in this medium. 4. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated in medium containing tissues of chick embryo from which the head and spinal cord had been removed were very pronounced. The viscerotropic virulence of the virus was lost to a large extent. When injected subcutaneously into monkeys there was as a rule a very mild generalized infection, as demonstrated by the minimal quantities of virus found in the circulating blood. Its neurotropism was also much diminished. When injected into monkeys intracerebrally, it no longer produced a fatal encephalitis but only a moderate febrile reaction, followed by recovery and solid immunity to reinoculation with a highly virulent strain of virus. When injected intracerebrally into mice, the mortality ratio was not diminished but the incubation period was markedly prolonged. 5. The changes in the pathogenicity of the virus cultivated in medium containing testicular tissues were somewhat similar to those observed after cultivation in chick embryo medium which contained only a minimal amount of nervous tissue. Its viscerotropic affinity had been largely lost and only very small amounts of virus were found in the circulating blood of monkeys inoculated subcutaneously. Given intracerebrally, it produced death from encephalitis in monkeys. The incubation period in mice inoculated intracerebrally with this virus was also prolonged but somewhat less so than with the virus grown in chick embryo tissues without the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Macrophage oxygen-dependent antimicrobial activity. III. Enhanced oxidative metabolism as an expression of macrophage activation.

1980 ◽  
Vol 152 (6) ◽  
pp. 1596-1609 ◽  
Author(s):  
H W Murray ◽  
Z A Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Macrophage Activation ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Oxygen Intermediates ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro

The capacity of 15 separate populations of mouse peritoneal macrophages to generate and release H2O2 (an index of oxidative metabolism) was compared with their ability to inhibit the intracellular replication of virulent Toxoplasma gondii. Resident macrophages and those elicited by inflammatory agents readily supported toxoplasma multiplication and released 4-20X less H2O2 than macrophages activated in vivo by systemic infection with Bacille Calmette-Guérin or T. gondii, or by immunization with Corynebacterium parvum. Immunologically activated cells consistently displayed both enhanced H2O2 production and antitoxoplasma activity. Exposure to lymphokines generated from cultures of spleen cells from T. gondii immune mice and toxoplasma antigen preserved both the antitoxoplasma activity and the heightened H2O2 release of toxoplasma immune and immune-boosted macrophages, which otherwise were lost after 48-72 h of cultivation. In vitro activation of resident and chemically-elicited cells by 72 h of exposure to mitogen- and antigen-prepared lymphokines, conditions that induce trypanocidal (5) and leishmanicidal activity (14), stimulated O2- and H2O2 release, and enhanced nitroblue tetrazolium reduction in response to toxoplasma ingestion. Such treatment, however, failed to confer any antitoxoplasma activity, indicating that intracellular pathogens may vary in their susceptibility to macrophage microbicidal mechanisms, including specific oxygen intermediates. In contrast, cocultivating normal macrophages with lymphokine plus heart infusion broth for 18H rendered these cells toxoplasmastatic. This in vitro-acquired activity was inhibited by scavengers of O2-, H2O2, OH., and 1O2, demonstrating a role for oxidative metabolites in lymphokine-induced enhancement of macrophage antimicrobial activity. These findings indicate that augmented oxidative metabolism is an consistent marker of macrophage activation, and that oxygen intermediates participate in the resistance of both in vivo- and vitro-activated macrophages toward the intracellular parasite, T. gondii.

scholarly journals A PURE STRAIN OF CARTILAGE CELLS IN VITRO

1922 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Close Contact ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Chick Embryos ◽  
Small Lymphocyte ◽  
Pure Strain ◽  
Thin Membranes ◽  
Cartilage Cells ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro ◽  
Large Nucleolus

1. A strain of cartilage cells, obtained from the pars cartilago scleræ of the eye of chick embryos, has been cultivated for more than 3 months in vitro. 2. The initial growth of the cartilage was possible only on the free surface of the coagulum. 3. The hyaline substance disappeared during cultivation in vitro. The succeeding stages of a transformation from small, lymphocyte-like cells into large, spindle-shaped cells were observed. The cartilage cells were spindle-shaped and grew in close contact, forming thin membranes. In surface-grown cartilage cells, the nucleus, usually containing one large nucleolus, stained less deeply than the cytoplasm. 4. The rate of growth of cartilage was slower than that of fibroblasts and epithelium. After cultivation on the surface of the coagulum, the cartilage cells could multiply even when embedded in the coagulum. But their growth was less extensive and uniform.

scholarly journals Improvement of micropropagation protocol of Phalaenopsis sp. for the method of direct shoot regeneration from nodes of floral spikes

2012 ◽  
pp. 141-150
Author(s):  
Marija Markovic ◽  
Milos Tanasic ◽  
Nevena Stojic ◽  
Radivoje Bulatovic ◽  
Marta Jovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Coconut Water ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Multiplication Rate ◽  
Direct Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Cultivation In Vitro ◽  
Direct Shoot

This paper succesfully investigated the possibility of modification of the micropropagation protocol of Phalaenopsis sp. with an aim to simplify the procedure and reduce the costs. The obtained results show that some medium components can be succesfully omitted (coconut water, glutamine, 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid) and some of them (peptone) can be replaced with a cheaper constituent (soy flour) while preserving the quality of the obtained microplants. The multiplication rate was 7,6 shoots per explant after the period of 150 days of cultivation in vitro. On the same medium 60% of explants were rooted and roots were mostly well developed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document