Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems

R. C. Benson; L. Yuhr

doi:10.1007/bf00767501

Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems

Environmental Geology ◽

10.1007/bf00767501 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 296-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

R. C. Benson ◽

L. Yuhr

Keyword(s):

Fractured Rock ◽

Spatial Sampling ◽

Karst Systems

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Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts ◽

10.1016/0148-9062(94)92542-9 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. A28

Keyword(s):

Fractured Rock ◽

Spatial Sampling ◽

Karst Systems

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Spatial sampling considerations and their applications to characterizing fractured rock and karst systems

International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts ◽

10.1016/0148-9062(94)90648-3 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 143

Keyword(s):

Fractured Rock ◽

Spatial Sampling ◽

Karst Systems

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Full-resolution 3D GPR imaging

Geophysics ◽

10.1190/1.1852780 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. K12-K19 ◽

Cited By ~ 173

Author(s):

Mark Grasmueck ◽

Ralf Weger ◽

Heinrich Horstmeyer

Keyword(s):

Fractured Rock ◽

Test Site ◽

Spatial Sampling ◽

Minimum Requirement ◽

Shallow Subsurface ◽

Full Resolution ◽

Half Wavelength ◽

Quarter Wavelength ◽

3D Gpr ◽

Fractured Limestone

Noninvasive 3D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) imaging with submeter resolution in all directions delineates the internal architecture and processes of the shallow subsurface. Full-resolution imaging requires unaliased recording of reflections and diffractions coupled with 3D migration processing. The GPR practitioner can easily determine necessary acquisition trace spacing on a frequency-wavenumber (f-k) plot of a representative 2D GPR test profile. Quarter-wavelength spatial sampling is a minimum requirement for full-resolution GPR recording. An intensely fractured limestone quarry serves as a test site for a 100-MHz 3D GPR survey with 0.1 m × 0.2 m trace spacing. This example clearly defines the geometry of fractures in four different orientations, including vertical dips to a depth of 20 m. Decimation to commonly used half-wavelength spatial sampling or only 2D migration processing makes most fractures invisible. The extra data-acquisition effort results in image volumes with submeter resolution, both in the vertical and horizontal directions. Such 3D data sets accurately image fractured rock, sedimentary structures, and archeological remains in previously unseen detail. This makes full-resolution 3D GPR imaging a valuable tool for integrated studies of the shallow subsurface.

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