The effect of giberellic acid on the stem development in a culture of peach seedlings

1959 ◽  
Vol 46 (14) ◽  
pp. 454-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kováčová-Ferjančiková
Keyword(s):  
Giberellic Acid ◽  
Stem Development

scholarly journals Afforestation of Former Farmland with High-value Hardwoods

1991 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. von Althen
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Close Spacing ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Gradual Release ◽  
Poor Drainage

For satisfactory growth, most high-value hardwood species demand a deep, fertile, moist but well drained soil. Intensive competition control during the early years after planting is a necessity. Close spacing is recommended, with gradual release of crop trees to promote high-quality stem development. For good hardwood growth on soils of marginal fertility or poor drainage or on sites where intensive management cannot be guaranteed, it is recommended that a mixture of several hardwood species be planted.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis for the restrained stem development of the wheat mutant dms

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruishi He ◽  
Xinxin Zhu ◽  
Qiaoyun Li ◽  
Yumei Jiang ◽  
Dongyan Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Wheat Mutant ◽  
Phytohormone Signaling

ABSTRACT: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stem development significantly affects grain yield. The dwarf plants (D) of wheat mutant dms was less than 30cm. Here, we were to explore the molecular basis for the restrained stem development of the dwarf plants. The results were reached by compare the young spikes and stems transcriptomes of the tall (T) and D plants of mutant dms. We identified 663 genes highly expressed in stem tips. We identified 997 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in stem tips between T and D, 403 DEGs were significantly related with stem development. Most biological processes in stem tips on dwarf plants were significantly suppressed, such as phytohormone signaling etc. The sequencing analysis results were confirmed by quantitatively analysis the expression profiles of fourteen key DEGs via real-time QRT-PCR. We identified a group genes related to wheat stem development, identified a group DEGs related to the restrained stem development of D plants of dms. The suppressed phytohormone signaling, carbohydrate transport and metabolism were the major causal factors leading to dwarf plants of D. Our dataset provides a useful resource for investigating wheat stem development.

scholarly journals Fine Mapping of qd1, a Dominant Gene that Regulates Stem Elongation in Bread Wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongdun Xie ◽  
Weiwei Zeng ◽  
Chaojie Wang ◽  
Daxing Xu ◽  
Huijun Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Dominant Gene ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Yield Determination ◽  
Allele Specific ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Kasp Markers

Stem elongation is a critical phase for yield determination and, as a major trait, is targeted for manipulation for improvement in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In a previous study, we characterized a mutant showing rapid stem elongation but with no effect on plant height at maturity. The present study aimed to finely map the underlying mutated gene, qd1, in this mutant. By analyzing an F2 segregating population consisting of 606 individuals, we found that the qd1 gene behaved in a dominant manner. Moreover, by using the bulked segregant RNA sequencing (BSR-seq)-based linkage analysis method, we initially mapped the qd1 gene to a 13.55 Mb region on chromosome 4B (from 15.41 to 28.96 Mb). This result was further confirmed in F2 and BC3F2 segregating populations. Furthermore, by using transcriptome sequencing data, we developed 14 Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers and then mapped the qd1 gene to a smaller and more precise 5.08 Mb interval from 26.80 to 31.88 Mb. To develop additional markers to finely map the qd1 gene, a total of 4,481 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 5.08 Mb interval were screened, and 25 KASP markers were developed based on 10x-depth genome resequencing data from both wild-type (WT) and mutant plants. The qd1 gene was finally mapped to a 1.33 Mb interval from 28.86 to 30.19 Mb on chromosome 4B. Four candidate genes were identified in this region. Among them, the expression pattern of only TraesCS4B02G042300 in the stems was concurrent with the stem development of the mutant and WT. The qd1 gene could be used in conjunction with molecular markers to manipulate stem development in the future.

scholarly journals Leaf and Stem Development of Winter Type Wheat, Iwainodaichi, Sown Early in the Southwestern Part of Japan

2003 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira FUKUSHIMA ◽  
Osamu KUSUDA ◽  
Masami FURUHATA
Keyword(s):  
Southwestern Part ◽  
Winter Type ◽  
Stem Development

The Effects of Soil Tillage on Stem Development of Pepper plant

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Erdem ◽  
S. Yildirim ◽  
M. Dilmac ◽  
A. Ece
Keyword(s):  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Pepper Plant ◽  
Stem Development

scholarly journals The Dynamics of the Cell Wall Proteome of Developing Alfalfa Stems

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergeant ◽  
Printz ◽  
Guerriero ◽  
Renaut ◽  
Lutts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Apical Region ◽  
Stem Segment ◽  
Burp Domain ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Striking Change ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Cell Wall Proteome ◽  
Beta Galactosidase

In this study, the cell-wall-enriched subproteomes at three different heights of alfalfa stems were compared. Since these three heights correspond to different states in stem development, a view on the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell maturation is obtained. This study of cell wall protein-enriched fractions forms the basis for a description of the development process of the cell wall and the linking cell wall localized proteins with the evolution of cell wall composition and structure. The sequential extraction of cell wall proteins with CaCl2, EGTA, and LiCl-complemented buffers was combined with a gel-based proteome approach and multivariate analysis. Although the highest similarities were observed between the apical and intermediate stem regions, the proteome patterns are characteristic for each region. Proteins that bind carbohydrates and have proteolytic activity, as well as enzymes involved in glycan remobilization, accumulate in the basal stem region. Beta-amylase and ferritin likewise accumulate more in the basal stem segment. Therefore, remobilization of nutrients appears to be an important process in the oldest stem segment. The intermediate and apical regions are sites of cell wall polymer remodeling, as suggested by the high abundance of proteins involved in the remodeling of the cell wall, such as xyloglucan endoglucosylase, beta-galactosidase, or the BURP-domain containing polygalacturonase non-catalytic subunit. However, the most striking change between the different stem parts is the strong accumulation of a DUF642-conserved domain containing protein in the apical region of the stem, which suggests a particular role of this protein during the early development of stem tissues.

scholarly journals Tumorous Stem Development of Brassica Juncea: A Complex Regulatory Network of Stem Formation and Identification of Key Genes in Glucosinolate Biosynthesis

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Mengyao Li ◽  
Fangjie Xie ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Bo Sun ◽  
Ya Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Juncea ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ◽  
Complex Biological Process ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
Aliphatic Glucosinolates ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Brassica Vegetable ◽  
Main Component

Stem mustard is a stem variety of mustard, an important Brassica vegetable. The formation and development of the tumorous stem, which is the key organ for the direct yield and quality, is a complex biological process involving morphogenesis, material accumulation and gene regulation. In this study, we demonstrated through anatomical studies that stem swelling is mainly dependent on the increase in the number of cells and the volume of parenchyma cells in the cortex and pith. To further understand transcript and metabolic changes during stem swelling, we obtained 27,901 differentially expressed genes, of which 671 were specifically detected using transcriptome sequencing technology in all four stages of stem swelling. Functional annotation identified enrichment for genes involved in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, cell growth, sulfur metabolism and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Glucosinolates are a group of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing secondary metabolites, which largely exist in the Cruciferous vegetables. HPLC analysis of the contents and components of glucosinolates in four different stem development stages revealed eight glucosinolates, namely, three aliphatic glucosinolates (sinigrin, glucoalyssin and gluconapin), four indole glucosinolates (4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin) and one aromatic glucosinolate (gluconasturtiin). All these types of glucosinolates showed a significant downward trend during the stem swelling period. The content of aliphatic glucosinolates was the highest, with sinigrin being the main component. In addition, qPCR was used to validate the expression of nine genes involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis. Most of these genes were down-regulated during stem swelling in qPCR, which is consistent with transcriptome data. These data provide a basic resource for further molecular and genetic research on Brassica juncea.

scholarly journals Expression profiles of cell-wall related genes vary broadly between two common maize inbreds during stem development

BMC Genomics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan W. Penning ◽  
Tânia M. Shiga ◽  
John F. Klimek ◽  
Philip J. SanMiguel ◽  
Jacob Shreve ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Maize Inbreds ◽  
Stem Development

Abstract Background The cellular machinery for cell wall synthesis and metabolism is encoded by members of large multi-gene families. Maize is both a genetic model for grass species and a potential source of lignocellulosic biomass from crop residues. Genetic improvement of maize for its utility as a bioenergy feedstock depends on identification of the specific gene family members expressed during secondary wall development in stems. Results High-throughput sequencing of transcripts expressed in developing rind tissues of stem internodes provided a comprehensive inventory of cell wall-related genes in maize (Zea mays, cultivar B73). Of 1239 of these genes, 854 were expressed among the internodes at ≥95 reads per 20 M, and 693 of them at ≥500 reads per 20 M. Grasses have cell wall compositions distinct from non-commelinid species; only one-quarter of maize cell wall-related genes expressed in stems were putatively orthologous with those of the eudicot Arabidopsis. Using a slope-metric algorithm, five distinct patterns for sub-sets of co-expressed genes were defined across a time course of stem development. For the subset of genes associated with secondary wall formation, fifteen sequence motifs were found in promoter regions. The same members of gene families were often expressed in two maize inbreds, B73 and Mo17, but levels of gene expression between them varied, with 30% of all genes exhibiting at least a 5-fold difference at any stage. Although presence-absence and copy-number variation might account for much of these differences, fold-changes of expression of a CADa and a FLA11 gene were attributed to polymorphisms in promoter response elements. Conclusions Large genetic variation in maize as a species precludes the extrapolation of cell wall-related gene expression networks even from one common inbred line to another. Elucidation of genotype-specific expression patterns and their regulatory controls will be needed for association panels of inbreds and landraces to fully exploit genetic variation in maize and other bioenergy grass species.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Changes in Auxin Biosynthesis and Distribution Determine the Organogenic Activity of the Shoot Apical Meristem in pin1 Mutants

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicja Banasiak ◽  
Magdalena Biedroń ◽  
Alicja Dolzblasz ◽  
Mateusz Adam Berezowski
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Auxin Biosynthesis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Stem Development ◽  
Knockout Mutation

In the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis, PIN1-dependent polar auxin transport (PAT) regulates two crucial developmental processes: organogenesis and vascular system formation. However, the knockout mutation in the PIN1 gene does not fully inhibit these two processes. Therefore, we investigated a potential source of auxin for organogenesis and vascularization during inflorescence stem development. We analyzed auxin distribution in wild-type (WT) and pin1 mutant plants using a refined protocol of auxin immunolocalization; auxin activity, with the response reporter pDR5:GFP; and expression of auxin biosynthesis genes YUC1 and YUC4. Our results revealed that regardless of the functionality of PIN1-mediated PAT, auxin is present in the SAM and vascular strands. In WT plants, auxin always accumulates in all cells of the SAM, whereas in pin1 mutants, its localization within the SAM changes ontogenetically and is related to changes in the structure of the vascular system, organogenic activity of SAM, and expression levels of YUC1 and YUC4 genes. Our findings indicate that the presence of auxin in the meristem of pin1 mutants is an outcome of at least two PIN1-independent mechanisms: acropetal auxin transport from differentiated tissues with the use of vascular strands and auxin biosynthesis within the SAM.

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