Scalar charged particle in the Lorentz gauge

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Egon Marx
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
Lorentz Gauge

Radiation of Charge Moving Between Two Planar Periodic Wire Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
E. A. Gurnevich ◽  
I. V. Moroz
Keyword(s):  
Angular Distribution ◽  
Charged Particle ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
High Power ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Power Radiation ◽  
High Power Radiation

The Smith-Purcell radiation of a charged particle moving in a periodic structure is analysed theoretically. The considered structure consists of two planar diffraction gratings with different periods which are formed by parallel conducting wires. The analytical expression for the spectral-angular distribution of radiation is obtained. It is shown that the angular distribution of radiation can be made narrower by using two gratings instead of one, and radiation intensity can be manipulated by parallel relative shift of gratings. The obtained results are of great importance for the research and development of high power radiation sources based on volume free-electron lasers.

scholarly journals Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 2855-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D Prewett ◽  
Cornelis W Hagen ◽  
Claudia Lenk ◽  
Steve Lenk ◽  
Marcus Kaestner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Nanoimprint Lithography ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Particle Beam ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Charged Particle Beam

Following a brief historical summary of the way in which electron beam lithography developed out of the scanning electron microscope, three state-of-the-art charged-particle beam nanopatterning technologies are considered. All three have been the subject of a recently completed European Union Project entitled “Single Nanometre Manufacturing: Beyond CMOS”. Scanning helium ion beam lithography has the advantages of virtually zero proximity effect, nanoscale patterning capability and high sensitivity in combination with a novel fullerene resist based on the sub-nanometre C60 molecule. The shot noise-limited minimum linewidth achieved to date is 6 nm. The second technology, focused electron induced processing (FEBIP), uses a nozzle-dispensed precursor gas either to etch or to deposit patterns on the nanometre scale without the need for resist. The process has potential for high throughput enhancement using multiple electron beams and a system employing up to 196 beams is under development based on a commercial SEM platform. Among its potential applications is the manufacture of templates for nanoimprint lithography, NIL. This is also a target application for the third and final charged particle technology, viz. field emission electron scanning probe lithography, FE-eSPL. This has been developed out of scanning tunneling microscopy using lower-energy electrons (tens of electronvolts rather than the tens of kiloelectronvolts of the other techniques). It has the considerable advantage of being employed without the need for a vacuum system, in ambient air and is capable of sub-10 nm patterning using either developable resists or a self-developing mode applicable for many polymeric resists, which is preferred. Like FEBIP it is potentially capable of massive parallelization for applications requiring high throughput.

scholarly journals Charged Particle and Conventional Radiotherapy: Current Implications as Partner for Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1468
Author(s):  
Damiënne Marcus ◽  
Relinde I. Y. Lieverse ◽  
Carmen Klein ◽  
Amir Abdollahi ◽  
Philippe Lambin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charged Particle ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Therapy ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Tumor Immunogenicity

Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to interfere with inflammatory signals and to enhance tumor immunogenicity via, e.g., immunogenic cell death, thereby potentially augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Conventional RT consists predominantly of high energy photon beams. Hypofractionated RT regimens administered, e.g., by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are increasingly investigated in combination with cancer immunotherapy within clinical trials. Despite intensive preclinical studies, the optimal dose per fraction and dose schemes for elaboration of RT induced immunogenic potential remain inconclusive. Compared to the scenario of combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and RT, multimodal therapies utilizing other immunotherapy principles such as adoptive transfer of immune cells, vaccination strategies, targeted immune-cytokines and agonists are underrepresented in both preclinical and clinical settings. Despite the clinical success of ICI and RT combination, e.g., prolonging overall survival in locally advanced lung cancer, curative outcomes are still not achieved for most cancer entities studied. Charged particle RT (PRT) has gained interest as it may enhance tumor immunogenicity compared to conventional RT due to its unique biological and physical properties. However, whether PRT in combination with immune therapy will elicit superior antitumor effects both locally and systemically needs to be further investigated. In this review, the immunological effects of RT in the tumor microenvironment are summarized to understand their implications for immunotherapy combinations. Attention will be given to the various immunotherapeutic interventions that have been co-administered with RT so far. Furthermore, the theoretical basis and first evidences supporting a favorable immunogenicity profile of PRT will be examined.

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