Body temperature and flight performance of honey bees in a servo-mechanically controlled wind tunnel

1976 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Esch
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Flight Performance

A Roundabout for Studying Sustained Flight of Locusts

1952 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
AUGUST KROGH ◽  
TORKEL WEIS-FOGH
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Air Resistance

A roundabout technique is described which makes it possible to study the flight performance of a small ‘swarm’ of locusts (up to thirty-two individuals) for hours at a time. The resistance of the roundabout was compensated by means of a mill so that the locusts only had to overcome their own air resistance. The speed of the revolving periphery therefore equalled the preferred average flying speed of the suspended locusts. The average speed during a period, as well as the variation in speed in the course of an experiment, were found to be the same in the roundabout and in experiments where single locusts flew in front of a wind tunnel. In the latter case the insects flew in completely normal flight posture. It was concluded that the results obtained with the roundabout were as valid as the results obtained with a wind tunnel. Some preliminary results are given on the influence of different external factors on the flying speed and the ability to endure sustained flight.

Morphing wing with skin discontinuity – kinematic concept

2017 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Tarnowski
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Numerical Optimization ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Control Allocation ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Original Contribution ◽  
Wing Morphing ◽  
Kinematic Solution

Purpose This paper aims to describe the concept of morphing tailless aircraft with discontinuous skin and its preliminary kinematic solution. Project assumptions, next steps and expected results are briefly presented. Design/methodology/approach Multidisciplinary numerical optimization will be used to determine control allocation for wing segments rotation. Wing demonstrator will be fabricated and tested in wind tunnel. Results will be used in construction of flying model and design of its control system. Flight data of morphing demonstrator and reference aircraft will result in comparative analysis of both technologies. Findings Proposed design combines advantages of wing morphing without complications of wing’s structure elastic deformation. Better performance, stability and maneuverability is expected due to wing’s construction which is entirely composed of unconnected wing segments. Independent control of each segment allows for free modeling of spanwise lift force distribution. Originality/value Nonlinear multipoint distribution of wing twist as the only mechanism for control and flight performance optimization has never been studied or constructed. Planned wind tunnel investigation of such complex aerodynamic structure has not been previously published and will be an original contribution to the development of aviation and in particular to the aerodynamics of wing with discontinuous skin.

scholarly journals Irradiation conditions affect the quality of irradiated painted apple moth

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E.A. Stephens ◽  
A.M. Barrington ◽  
N.M. Fletcher ◽  
D.M. Suckling
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Sterile Insect Technique ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Emergence Rate

Sterile painted apple moths have been released in Auckland in an attempt to assist with the eradication of this species from New Zealand Quality as measured by wind tunnel flight performance of irradiated insects decreased from 66 of unirradiated males in 20032004 to approximately 43 in 20052006 and recapture rates were lower A decrease in quality measures (ie emergence rate wind tunnel flight performance and recapture rate) was related to an increase in the length of pre and posttreatment time that the insects were held in the irradiation container potentially caused by container conditions Altering the irradiation container conditions to improve aeration led to an increase in posttreatment quality The surveillance grid in place for monitoring caught the sterile moths Higher recapture rates have increased confidence in the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique against this insect which is continuing in southeastern Auckland

Respiratory and Cardiovascular Responses of the Pigeon to Sustained, Level Flight in a Wind-Tunnel

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. BUTLER ◽  
N. H. WEST ◽  
D. R. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Cardiovascular Variables

1. Five pigeons were trained to fly in a boundary-layer wind-tunnel at a velocity of 10 m s−1 for at least 10 min, and a number of respiratory and cardiovascular variables were recorded. For comparison, heart rate, respiratory frequency and E.M.G. from the pectoralis major muscles were also recorded, using radio-telemetry, from free-flying pigeons. 2. For the flights in the wind tunnel there were immediate increases in respiratory frequency and heart rate upon take-off; these variables continued to increase during the flight, eventually becoming on average 411 breaths min−1 (20 × resting) and 670 beats min−1 (6 × resting) respectively. There was a 1:1 relationship between ventilation and wing beat. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production reached their highest values of 12.5 × and 14.4 × resting respectively within 1 min of take-off and then declined to steady levels of 200 ml kg−1 min S.T.P.D. (10 × resting) and 184 ml kg−1 min S.T.P.D. (10.7 × resting) 4 min after take-off. If allowances are made for the weightand drag of the VOO2 mask and tubes, these stable values are at least 12% higher than would occur in an unloaded bird. Body temperature rose steadily after take-off, reaching a stable value of 43.3°C, which was 2°C above resting, after 6 min of flight. There was a 1.8 × rise in a -vOO2 content difference and little change in cardiac stroke volume during flight, so that the rise in heart rate was the major factor in transporting the extra O2 to the active muscles. Respiratory quotient rose from 0.85 at rest to 0.99, 30 s after take off, and then fell to 0.92 after 7 min of flight. Blood lactate rose to 59.8 mg% (6.5 × its resting value). 3. Comparisons with the free-flying birds indicated that the pattern of flight in the wind tunnel was somewhat abnormal, especially at the beginning of a flight, and this may account for the value of VOO2 being higher at the start of a flight and then declining to a steady value as the flight progressed. 4. Upon landing, heart rate, V·O1V·CO2 and body temperature began to fall immediately, and within 2 min, heart rate, V·O2 and V·CO2 had returned to the ‘tunnel on’ resting values. Respiratory frequency increased upon landing and its decline closely matched the fall in body temperature. R.Q. rose above unity immediately upon landing as CO2 was removed in excess of its metabolic production, and then fell below the resting value as CO2 was retained, presumably to maintain acid/base balance during the metabolism of lactic acid.

Temperature Regulation and Heat Balance in Flying White-necked Ravens, Corvus Cryptoleucus

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
DENNIS M. HUDSON ◽  
MARVIN H. BERNSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation ◽  
Body Heat ◽  
Respiratory Evaporation

During level flight at 10 m.s−1 in a wind tunnel, white-necked ravens (Corvus cryptoleucus, mass 0·48 kg) exhibited an increase in body temperature to steady-state levels as high as 45°C, exceeding resting levels by nearly 3°C. This reflects the storage of up to half of the metabolic heat produced (Hp) during 5 min of flight. During steady-state flight, body heat was dissipated in part by respiratory evaporation and convection (13–40% of Hp) evoked by increases in ventilation proportional to body temperature. Remaining heat was lost by cutaneous evaporation (10% of Hp) as well as by radiation and convection from the external body surface. The results suggest strategies that might be used by ravens during flight under desert conditions.

Flight in Drosophila

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN VOGEL
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Control Reaction ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Lift Control ◽  
Very High

1. Apparatus has been devised to record the principal parameters of the flight performance of tethered fruit-flies in a wind tunnel. 2. Typically these flies achieve level flight (lift = weight) at 200 cm./sec. and a body angle of + 10°. Lift varies directly with body angle except at very high angles; the stroke parameters are invariant with body angle. 3. Evidence is presented suggesting that these measurements are applicable to free flight. 4. The adaptive significance of the absence of a ‘lift-control reaction’ in fruit-flies is discussed.

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