Behavioral switching in cockroaches: transformations of tactile reflexes during righting behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Camhi
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Righting Behavior

Escape Swim Network Interneurons Have Diverse Roles in Behavioral Switching and Putative Arousal in Pleurobranchaea

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jing ◽  
Rhanor Gillette
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Sea Slug ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Arousal System ◽  
Direct Suppression ◽  
Stimulation Of

Escape swimming in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea is a dominant behavior that overrides feeding, a behavioral switch caused by swim-induced inhibition of feeding command neurons. We have now found distinct roles for the different swim interneurons in acute suppression of feeding during the swim and in a longer-term stimulation of excitability in the feeding network. The identified pattern-generating swim neurons A1, A3, A10, and their follower interneuron A-ci1, suppress feeding motor output partly by excitation of the I1 feeding interneurons, which monosynaptically inhibit both the feeding command neurons, PCP, PSE, and other major interneurons, the I2s. This mechanism exerts broad inhibition of the feeding network suitable to an escape response; broader than feeding suppression in learned and satiation-induced food avoidance and acting through a different presynaptic pathway. Four intrinsic neuromodulatory neurons of the swim network, the serotonergic As1–4, add little to direct suppression of feeding. Rather, they monosynaptically excite the serotonergic metacerebral giant (MCG) neurons of the feeding network, themselves intrinsic neuromodulators of feeding, as well as a cluster of adjacent serotonergic feeding neurons, with both fast and slow EPSPs. They also provide mild neuromodulatory excitation of the PCP/PSE feeding command neurons, and I1 and I2 feeding interneurons, which is masked by inhibition during the swim. As1–4 also excite the serotonergic pedal ganglion G neurons for creeping locomotion. These observations further delineate the nature of the putative serotonergic arousal system of gastropods and suggest a central coordinating role to As1–4.

Cultural Differences between American and Japanese Self-Presentation on SNSs

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kikuko Omori ◽  
Mike Allen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Preexisting Conditions

The present study compared American and Japanese user practices on social networking sites (SNSs). Analysis focused on self-presentation such as posting party and drinking pictures on SNSs. A total of 1,079 college students (583 American and 496 Japanese) participated in the survey, which provided the basis for analysis. The results of the study demonstrate cultural and SNS platform differences in self-presentation on SNSs. After controlling for preexisting conditions (gender, extraversion, offline popularity, and the length of membership with the SNS), Japanese Facebook users posted party and drinking pictures most frequently, followed by Japanese Mixi users and American Facebook users. In addition, the study found that Japanese dual-users changed their behavior according to the SNS. The implications and the underlying mechanism of Japanese users' behavioral switching on SNSs are discussed.

Gastropod Feeding Systems: Evolution of Neural Circuits that Generate Diverse Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin ◽  
Michael Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Feeding Systems

It is conceptually reasonable to explore how the evolution of behavior involves changes in neural circuitry. Progress in determining this evolutionary relationship has been limited in neuroscience because of difficulties in identifying individual neurons that contribute to the evolutionary development of behaviors across species. However, the results from the feeding systems of gastropod mollusks provide evidence for this concept of co-evolution because the evolution of different types of feeding behaviors in this diverse group of mollusks is mirrored by species-specific changes in neural circuitry. The evolution of feeding behaviors involves changes in the motor actions that allow diverse food items to be acquired and ingested. The evolution in neural control accompanies this variation in food and the associated changes in flexibility of feeding behaviors. This is present in components of the feeding network that are involved in decision making, rhythm generation, and behavioral switching but is absent in background mechanisms that are conserved across species, such as those controlling arousal state. These findings show how evolutionary changes, even at the single neuron level, closely reflect the details of behavioral evolution.

scholarly journals Behavioral diversity is maintained by a conditional strategy in a freshwater zooplankton

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011
Author(s):  
G Adam Meyer ◽  
William A Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Intraspecific Diversity ◽  
Migration Behavior ◽  
Ecological Strategy ◽  
Conditional Strategy ◽  
Freshwater Zooplankton ◽  
Behavioral Diversity ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Alternative Behaviors ◽  
Multiple Behaviors

Abstract Many populations have intraspecific diversity in phenotype and ecological strategy, but the mechanisms maintaining such diversity are not fully understood. Multiple behaviors can be maintained either as a conditional strategy, where fitness depends on an individual’s phenotype, or as a mixed strategy, where alternative behaviors have similar fitness independent of phenotype. Using high-resolution depth and time sampling, we characterize 2 distinct diel vertical migration behaviors in a population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). Individuals in this population differ in their color phenotype and migratory behavior with red morphs upregulating hemoglobin and undergoing a deep migration and pale morphs not producing hemoglobin and undergoing a shallow migration. We experimentally manipulated the behavior of each phenotype in the field and measured population growth in their natural migration behavior as well as population growth in their alternative behaviors. Experimental populations of pale and red morphs under their natural migrations had roughly equal fitness, despite vast differences in environmental conditions. When forced to switch behaviors, pale morphs suffered reduced fitness, whereas red morphs had similar fitness compared with their natural migration. Our results suggest that although behavioral diversity may be promoted by the opportunity for alternative behaviors of equal fitness, the distinct physiological conditions required for survival in alternative behaviors limit the capacity for individual behavioral switching and likely maintain behavioral diversity as a conditional strategy.

scholarly journals Thalamic Contributions to Basal Ganglia-Related Behavioral Switching and Reinforcement

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (45) ◽  
pp. 16102-16106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Smith ◽  
D. J. Surmeier ◽  
P. Redgrave ◽  
M. Kimura
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Behavioral Switching

scholarly journals Monitoring in emotion regulation: behavioral decisions and neural consequences

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 1273-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirel Dorman Ilan ◽  
Roni Shafir ◽  
Jeffrey L Birk ◽  
George A Bonanno ◽  
Gal Sheppes
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Behavioral Decision ◽  
Initial Implementation ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Regulatory Strategy ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Affective Consequences

Abstract Monitoring and deciding how to adjust an active regulatory strategy in order to maximize adaptive outcomes is an integral element of emotion regulation, yet existing evidence remains scarce. Filling this gap, the present study examined core factors that determine behavioral regulatory monitoring decisions and the neuro-affective consequences of these decisions. Using a novel paradigm, the initial implementation of central downregulation strategies (distraction, reappraisal) and the emotional intensity (high, low) were manipulated, prior to making a behavioral decision to maintain the initial implemented strategy or switch from it. Neuro-affective consequences of these behavioral decisions were evaluated using the Late Positive Potential (LPP), an electro-cortical measure of regulatory success. Confirming predictions, initial implementation of reappraisal in high intensity and distraction in low intensity (Strategy × Intensity combinations that were established in prior studies as non-preferred by individuals), resulted in increased behavioral switching frequency. Neurally, we expected and found that in high (but not low) emotional intensity, where distraction was more effective than reappraisal, maintaining distraction (relative to switching to reappraisal) and switching to distraction (relative to maintaining reappraisal) resulted in larger LPP modulation. These findings suggest that monitoring decisions are consistent with previously established regulatory preferences and are associated with adaptive short-term neural consequences.

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