The structure of the lymph glands ofDrosophila larvae

1955 ◽  
Vol 147 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 489-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Shatoury
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Glands

Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Development of Nitroaromatics as Anti-Infective Drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (36) ◽  
pp. 4658-4674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kannigadu ◽  
David. D. N'Da
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Clinical Drugs ◽  
Antiparasitic Agents

: Infectious diseases commonly occur in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The pathogens of such diseases are able to multiply in human hosts, warranting their continual survival. Infections that are commonplace include malaria, chagas, trypanosomiasis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Malaria is known to cause symptoms, such as high fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, whereas chagas disease causes enlarged lymph glands, muscle pain, swelling and chest pain. People suffering from African trypanosomiasis may experience severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue and swollen lymph nodes. As an infectious disease progresses, the human host may also experience personality changes and neurologic problems. If left untreated, most of these diseases can lead to death. : Parasites, microbes and bacteria are increasingly adapting and generating strains that are resistant to current clinical drugs. Drug resistance creates an urgency for the development of new drugs to treat these infections. Nitro containing drugs, such as chloramphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole and secnidazole had been banned for use as antiparasitic agents due to their toxicity. However, recent discoveries of nitrocontaining anti-tuberculosis drugs, i.e. delamanid and pretonamid, and the repurposing of flexinidazole for use in combination with eflornithine for the treatment of human trypanosomiasis, have ignited interest in nitroaromatic scaffolds as viable sources of potential anti-infective agents. : This review highlights the differences between old and new nitration methodologies. It furthermore offers insights into recent advances in the development of nitroaromatics as anti-infective drugs.

Medicinal importance of Papra (Podophyllum hexandrum Royle) in Unani System of Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Afsahul Kalam ◽  
Akhtar H. Malik ◽  
Aijaz Hassan Ganie ◽  
Tariq Ahmad Butt
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Podophyllum Hexandrum ◽  
Kashmir Himalaya ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Great Scholar ◽  
Endemic Medicinal Plant ◽  
Sinopodophyllum Hexandrum ◽  
First Time

Abstract Podophyllum hexandrum Royle [=Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying] is an important, endemic medicinal plant species of Himalaya. It is used in Unani System of Medicine under the name of ‘Papra’. The drug was not mentioned in previous literatures, but the first time it introduced in Unani Medicine by a great scholar Hakim Najmul Ghani. He has mentioned its uses and benefits in his classical book Khazainul Advia. In Unani Medicine the plant species has been used to treat various ailments like constipation, fever, jaundice, liver disorders, syphilis, diseases of lymph glands etc. In Kashmir Himalaya it is used to treat various diseases by local medicinemen, but now it is listed in rare drugs. Various pharmacological studies have been done such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, radio-protective etc., recently it has also been reported that podophyllotoxin or podophyllin can be used to treat some forms of cancers also.

THE OCCURRENCE OF SALMONELLA IN THE LYMPH GLANDS OF NORMAL HOGS1

1942 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
HARVEY L. RUBIN ◽  
M. SCHERAGO ◽  
R. H. WEAVER
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Glands

scholarly journals To the diagnosis of ureteral stones

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
V. S.
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Lymph Glands

Reinecke (according to the ref. In New Khir. Arch., 1925, No. 32) draws attention to a new sign of entrapment of stones in the lower part of the ureter, namely, to a sharp increase and strong sensitivity of the inguinal lymph glands on the same side.

scholarly journals SPIROCHÆTA MORSUS MURIS, N.SP., THE CAUSE OF RAT-BITE FEVER

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenzo Futaki ◽  
Itsuma Takaki ◽  
Tenji Taniguchi ◽  
Shimpachi Osumi
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Intermittent Fever ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Rat Bite Fever ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Aniline Dyes

1. Since our first report on the discovery of the cause of rat-bite fever, we have been able to prove the existence of the same spirochete in five out of six more cases which have come under our observation. 2. The clinical symptoms of rat-bite fever are inflammation of the bitten parts, paroxysms of fever of the relapsing type, swelling of the lymph glands, and eruption of the skin, all occurring after an incubation period usually of from 10 to 22 days, or longer. 3. Our spirochete is present in the swollen local lesion of the skin and the enlarged lymph glands. But as the spirochetes are so few in number it is exceedingly difficult to discover them directly in material taken from patients. It is therefore better to inoculate the material into a mouse. In some cases the organism is found in the blood of the inoculated animal after a lapse of 5 to 14 days, or at the latest 4 weeks. 4. Generally speaking, the spirochetes present thick and short forms of about 2 to 5 µ and have flagella at both ends. Including the flagella, they measure 6 to 10 µ in length. Some forms in the cultures reach 12 to 19 µ excluding the flagella. The curves are regular, and the majority have one curve in 1 µ. Smaller ones are found in the blood and larger ones in the tissues. 5. The spirochetes stain easily. With Giemsa's stain they take a deep violet-red; they also stain with ordinary aniline dyes. The flagella, too, take Giemsa's stain. 6. The movements of our spirochetes are very rapid, resembling those of a vibrio, and distinguish them from all other kinds of spirochetes. When, however, the movements become a little sluggish, they begin to present movements characteristic of ordinary spirochetes. 7. For experimental purposes, mice, house rats, white rats, and monkeys are the most suitable animals. Monkeys have intermittent fever after infection, and spirochetes can be found in their blood, but they are not so numerous as in the blood of mice. Mice are the most suitable animals for these experiments, and they appear, as a rule, to escape fatal consequences. 8. The spirochete is markedly affected by salvarsan. 9. The organism is not present in the blood of all rats, and there is no relation between the species of the rat and the ratio of infection. We have never found the spirochete in healthy guinea pigs or mice. By permitting a rat infected with the spirochete to bite a guinea pig, the latter develops the disease. 10. We have succeeded in cultivating the spirochete in Shimamine's medium. 11. Among the spirochetes described in the literature or discovered in the blood of rats and mice, there may be some resembling our spirochete, but none of the descriptions agree with it fully. Hence we have named our organism Spirochæta morsus muris and regard it as belonging to the Spironemacea (Gross) of the nature of treponema. 12. The spirochete can be detected in the bodies of patients. In seven cases out of eight, it disappears on recovery, only to reappear during the relapse. 13. The spirochete can be detected in about 3 per cent of house rats. These facts enable us to identify the cause of the disease. 14. There may be other causes than the spirochete for diseases following the bite of a rat. The cause, however, of rat-bite fever in the form most common in Japan is, we believe, the spirochete which we have described.

Development of the Intestinal Tract during the Larval Period of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
H. H. El Shatoury ◽  
C. H. Waddington
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Larval Period ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Lymph Glands ◽  
Periodic Processes ◽  
Drosophila Larvae ◽  
Hind Gut

This paper is concerned with certain aspects of the development of the mid-gut (stomach), hind-gut, and salivary glands of Drosophila larvae. Attention will be particularly concentrated on two types of phenomenon, firstly, on periodic processes of hypertrophy and regression which affect certain of the larval tissues comprising these organs, and, secondly, on the development of groups of imaginal cells which, at metamorphosis, produce the tissues from which the adult organs are built up. There is evidence that in the control of both these processes an important part is played by the lymph glands. This evidence is derived primarily from the study of certain lethal mutant types which will be described in a later communication (Shatoury & Waddington, 1957b). In these lethals it is found that abnormality of the lymph glands is associated with and appears to be the cause of excessive hypertrophy of the larval cells composing the gut.

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