Coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of water pollution

1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Cohen ◽  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

The detection of various bacteria indicative of water pollution by a presence–absence (P–A) procedure

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Aeromonas Species ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Results of a previously described presence–absence (P–A) test were compared with those of the membrane filter (MF) technique for detecting fecal coliforms, coliforms, and anaerogenic coliforms in municipal drinking water samples. The P–A test allowed more frequent isolation of these organisms and, when supplemented by simple confirmatory tests, could also indicate the presence of fecal streptococci, green fluorescent pseudomonads, Aeromonas species, and Clostridium perfringens. In the absence of coliform detection, the occurrence of these other bacterial groups could give warning of unusual fecal or organic pollution.A comparison of coliform and non-coliform isolates from MF and P–A tests indicated that similar organisms were detected by both methods. The finding of false-positive "sheen" colonies was attributable to the presence of ethyl alcohol in the MF Endo medium. Although organisms giving rise to such colonies were non-coliforms, their presence was suggestive of inadequate water treatment.

Intermittent filtration of wastewater—removal of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (14) ◽  
pp. 3507-3516 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Ausland ◽  
T.K Stevik ◽  
J.F Hanssen ◽  
J.C Køhler ◽  
P.D Jenssen
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

A presence–absence (P–A) test providing sensitive and inexpensive detection of coliforms, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci in municipal drinking water supplies

1968 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Isolation Medium ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Confirmatory Tests

A simple presence–absence (P–A) test was developed to provide a more economical and more sensitive method for conducting coliform analyses on municipal drinking water samples than the membrane filter (MF) technique. Over ninety percent of these samples routinely gave negative results by the MF method. A modified MacConkey broth, enriched to improve on acid and gas production by coliforms, was the isolation medium for the presumptive part of the P–A test.Parallel analyses of water samples were made by both the P–A and MF methods. Confirmatory tests established the reliability of the respective procedures to detect coliform bacteria. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the P–A test was more sensitive for detecting lower levels of pollution than the MF technique. Many of the confirmed positive P–A results came from P–A bottles that produced presumptive positive tests only after an extended incubation period of two to five days.The P–A test was about five times less expensive than the MF technique and by adding a few simple tests, the P–A procedure could give information on the presence of both fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. For several samples, fecal streptococci were found by P–A tests in the absence of detectable coliform bacteria by either the MF or P–A methods of analysis.

scholarly journals Toxicological risks of water and human health, contribution to the biological treatments in the dam of Ain Zada

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Bariza Gourari ◽  
Djamel Anteur
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

Background: Freshwater fish play a role in detoxification of certain germs and pathogens of bacteria. Variation of the content of pathogenic bacteria are, mainly, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci in the study sites of the sampling period. The objective of this study is inventoried purifying species of dam of Ain Zada. Methods: The isolation of fecal coliform (CF) and total coliform (CT) was conducted by incorporation in agar of the five shot test (0,4 mL; 1 mL et 3 x 2 mL). The culture medium is the selective agar Mac Conkey (HIMEDIA, M083) coliforms. The enumeration of the colonies is done after 24 of incubation at 37°C for total coliforms and 44°C for fecal coliforms. The isolation of fecal streptococci (SF) is made by the same method but on the culture medium incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Counting of colonies is done on mailboxes where 100 to 300 colonies are developed. The average of colonies counted is then determined. The boxes do not contain at least 100 colonies, all of the colonies on all boxes are counted, taking into account the total volume inoculated in water. In the second part, there is an inventory of purifying fish at the Ain Zada dam level. Results: The result indicate that all the fish that play a role in the treatment of dam of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj) who use these germs and bacteria as a food source. We registered the presence of a single family, with five (05) genera divided into seven (07) species, including the majority of alien species are Cyprinid fish: Sander lucioperca L., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Hypophtalmichthys nobilis. Conclusion: The Bousselam and Ouricia valleys feature heavily poor microbiological quality; exploitation of these waters could constitute a health hazard on dam Ain Zada. According to this study, the fish play a role of biological control.

Ultraviolet Radiation and Sedimentation of Wastewater Lagoon Effluents

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 359-361
Author(s):  
V. D. Adams ◽  
E. C. Nieminska ◽  
M. B. Borup
Keyword(s):  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

A process consisting of ultraviolet radiation followed by sedimentation was used to remove suspended solids from a wastewater lagoon effluent. An average of 33 percent of the suspended solids, 45 percent of the volatile suspended solids, and 54 percent of the BOD5 were removed by this process. The process also produced a microbiologically acceptable effluent by removing 66 percent of the total coliform organisms, 78 percent of the fecal coliforms and 49 percent of the fecal streptococci organisms.

Initial Chilling Rate Effects on Bacterial Growth on Hot-Boned Beef1

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL Y. C. FUNG ◽  
CURTIS L. KASTNER ◽  
CHIA-YEN LEE ◽  
MELVIN C. HUNT ◽  
MICHAEL E. DIKEMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Rate Effects ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Fluorescent Lighting ◽  
General Indicator ◽  
Carcass Cuts

We studied the chilling rate of hot-boned beef required to control bacterial growth during storage and display. Hot-boned cuts were chilled to 21 C by 3, 5, 9, and 12 h after their removal from the carcass. Cuts were vacuum-stored at 2.2 C for 14 or 21 d, then displayed at 2.2 C for 3 days under natural fluorescent lighting. Initial bacterial loads of hot-boned cuts were low (Log 0–3 CFU/cm2). Conventionally chilled beef (48 h at 2.2 C) and hot-boned cuts chilled to 21 C by 3, 5, and 9 h had lower bacterial counts and more desirable color and odor than hot-boned cuts chilled slower (12 h to 21 C). In general, indicator organisms and potential pathogens (coliforms, fecal coliforms, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and fecal streptococci) were more numerous for cuts with slower chilling rates (9 and 12 h to 21 C) than for cuts chilled faster (3 and 5 h to 21 C and conventionally chilled beet). No Salmonella were detected. Hot-boned beef cuts are in good bacteriological condition (no potential health hazards) for storage if chilled to 21 C in 3 to 9 h.

Media Evaluation and Behavior of Clostridium Perfringens as an Adjunct Indicator of Quality in Shellfish Growing Areas

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Abeyta ◽  
M. M. Wekell ◽  
C. A. Kaysner ◽  
R. F. Stott ◽  
E. V. Raghubeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Fish Gut Contents ◽  
Baseline Levels

In numerous studies of estuaries of the West Coast of the United States, we have recovered C.perfringens, total and fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci from shellfish, sediments and water. In some areas closed to shellfish harvest and known to be subject to fecal contamination, C.perfrinqens were recovered regularly from shellfish and sediments. For example, in one estuary, prior to sampling, a local sewage treatment plant (STP) with a design capacity of 1 million gallons per day (MGD) was receiving high flows of raw sewage of 3.02 MGD. This resulted in an overflow or bypass of raw sewage into the estuary. Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci levels measured in impacted oysters showed an increase during the initial stages of the bypass and decreased to baseline levels by the 5th day of sampling. C.perfringens levels increased from 36 MPN/100 g and reached maximum levels in oysters (4600 MPN/100 g) on the 6th day when the sewage flow was returning to normal, but still over capacity (1.8 MGD) and sewage was being discharged into the bay. At this time, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci counts were near baseline levels (120 and 50 organisms/100 g respectively). Therefore, at the later stages of the sewage bypass, C.perfrinqens was a useful indicator of fecal contamination in oysters. The most recent and promising method for the enumeration of C.perfrinqens in all types of environmental samples is the Iron Milk Method (IMM). The method has been tested with water, marine and freshwater sediments, soil, fish gut contents and foods, and has been shown to enumerate C.perfrinqens without the need for confirmation. The IMM uses a 3 tube MPN procedure with each tube containing 10 ml of homogenized milk plus 0.2 g iron powder per tube. Inoculated tubes are incubated for 16-18 hrs at 45 °C. The presence of the classical stormy fermentation signifies a positive tube. Numbers of C.perfrinqens in samples are rapidly measured.

scholarly journals Survival of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in storm drain sediment

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1089-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Marino ◽  
John J. Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Storm Drain

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Cumulative Surface Water Pollution on Selected Areas within the Consolidated Main Reef Area, Roodepoort, South Africa

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. ASWR.S12997
Author(s):  
D.N. Muruven ◽  
M. Tekere
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
The South ◽  
Surface Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality Guidelines ◽  
Quality Guidelines

Mining has long been at the center of the South African economy and has contributed to significant developments within the country. However, despite the large economic impact, surface water pollution due to mining is prevalent in most of the country's water catchments. Surface water in many areas of the central Roodepoort area in Johannesburg, South Africa, has also been impacted primarily by mining activities. The surface water quality for the Bosmontspruit, Russell's Stream, and the New Canada Dam was assessed in this study from October 2010 to March 2011. Physicochemical and biological characteristics of the water were determined for eight monitoring points, and the results obtained were compared with the in-stream water quality guidelines for the Klip River catchment and the South African Water Quality Guidelines. A trend noticed throughout the sampling period was the noncompliance to the set target water quality ranges (TWQRs) in the levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved oxygen (DO). The results indicate that concentrations of iron, aluminum, nickel, manganese, and potassium were above the permissible limits across the Bosmontspruit and Russell's Stream. Excessive fecal coliforms and ammonium pollution were also detected in the Bosmontspruit. Additionally, during the monitoring period, it was noted that the water was being utilized for domestic purposes, and may pose health hazards due to poor water quality.

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