Comparison of the antitussive effects of codeine phosphate 20 mg, dextromethorphan 30 mg and noscapine 30 mg using citric acid-induced cough in normal subjects

1979 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Empey ◽  
L. A. Laitinen ◽  
G. A. Young ◽  
C. E. Bye ◽  
D. T. D. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Codeine Phosphate

Importance of inspiratory flow rate in the cough response to citric acid inhalation in normal subjects

1990 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Barros ◽  
Stefano J. Zammattio ◽  
P. John Rees
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Inspiratory Flow ◽  
Inspiratory Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Cough Response ◽  
The Mean

1. The cough response to inhalation of citric acid is produced mainly by irritation of the larynx and trachea. Variations in the inspiratory flow rate might lead to changes in deposition of the drug, and consequently in the cough threshold. 2. We have studied the effect of three different inspiratory flow rates in 11 normal, non-smoking subjects (nine males, aged 23–39 years), who inhaled nebulized citric acid (2.5–640 mg/l). The test finished when a cough. was produced at each inhalation (cough threshold) or the maximum concentration was reached. 3. The inspiratory flow rate was limited with a fixed resistance and displayed on a screen so that the subjects could reach a constant inspiratory flow rate of 50, 100 and 150 l/min with a submaximal inspiratory effort. 4. The mean (sd) inspiratory flow rates achieved were 51.4 (5.3), 86.2 (16.6) and 134.4 (22.9) l/min. Baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s and functional vital capacity were not different on the 3 study days. 5. The cough threshold (geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals) was 21 (9–54) mg/l at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 43 (13–141) mg/l at 150 l/min (P <0.05). The amount of drug tolerated by the subjects before the cough threshold was achieved was 5.2 (2.0–13.8) mg at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 11.6 (3.4–39.8) mg at 150 l/min (P <0.05). The number of coughs per inhalation was 1.6 (1.1–2.0) at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 1.1 (0.7–1.5) at 150 l/min (P <0.05). 6. We conclude that lower inspiratory flow rates were associated with a greater cough stimulus in the citric acid challenge procedure used in this study. This may be related to increased laryngeal deposition. The inspiratory flow rate is a variable which should be controlled in the performance of cough challenges with citric acid.

Effect of Inhaled Furosemide on Cough Response to Citric Acid in Normal Subjects

2015 ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Robuschi ◽  
A. Vaghi ◽  
G. Gambaro ◽  
S. Spagnotto ◽  
G. Petrigni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cough Response

scholarly journals Effect of inhaled menthol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects.

Thorax ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1024-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
A H Morice ◽  
A E Marshall ◽  
K S Higgins ◽  
T J Grattan
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Normal Subjects

scholarly journals Effects of pholcodine and salbutamol on citric acid induced cough in normal subjects.

Thorax ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Belcher ◽  
P J Rees
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Normal Subjects

Auditory Selective Attention in Cerebral-Palsied Individuals

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Laraway
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Auditory Selective Attention ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Significant Difference

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the auditory selective attention abilities of normal and cerebral-palsied individuals. Twenty-three cerebral-palsied and 23 normal subjects between the ages of 5 and 21 were asked to repeat a series of 30 items consisting of from 2 to 4 digits in the presence of intermittent white noise. Results of the study indicate that cerebral-palsied individuals perform significantly poorer than normal individuals when the stimulus is accompanied by noise. Noise was not a significant factor in the performance of the normal subjects regardless of age.

The Effect of Stapedectomy on the Loudness of One’s Own Voice

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Melnick
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sound Energy ◽  
Loudness Function ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

Five subjects with normal middle ear mechanisms, and otosclerotic patients, before and after stapedectomy, matched the loudness of their voices to the loudness of a 125-cps-sawtooth noise. The results showed loudness matching functions with gradual slopes, less than 1.00, for the normal subjects and the patients prior to stapedectomy. Post-surgically, the loudness function for the patients increased in steepness to considerably more than 1.00. These results are explained, most logically, in terms of increased sensitivity of the altered middle ear to sound energy generated by the listener’s own voice.

Delayed Auditory Feedback with Different Delay Times at Each Ear

1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-371
Author(s):  
Samuel Fillenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Delay Interval ◽  
Auditory Feedback ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Delay Times

Binaurally asynchronous delayed auditory feedback (DAF) was compared with synchronous DAF in 80 normal subjects. Asynchronous DAF (0.10 sec difference) did not yield results different from those obtained under synchronous DAF with a 0.20 sec delay interval, an interval characteristically resulting in maximum disruptions in speech.

Object Transformations in the Play of Language-Impaired Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Y. Terrell ◽  
Richard G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Play Behavior ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Normal Language ◽  
Mean Length Of Utterance ◽  
Impaired Children

The play behavior of 10 language-impaired children was observed. Their performances in play were compared to those of 10 normal-language children matched for chronological age as well as to those of 10 normal-language children matched for mean length of utterance. The children were observed as they played spontaneously with a standard group of toys and as they played with objects that required object transformations for successful play. The chronological age-matched normal subjects showed a trend toward performance of more object transformations in play than either the language-impaired or younger normal-language children. Additionally, although object transformations were observed in both segments, all children performed more object transformations with objects than with toys.

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