Computer diagnosis in the class of compatible diseases with reference to tumors and tumorlike formations of the female internal genitalia

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-208
Author(s):  
M. L. Bykhovskii ◽  
N. D. Selezneva ◽  
V. F. Kuzin
Keyword(s):  
Computer Diagnosis ◽  
Internal Genitalia

Bayesian Diagnostic Probabilities without Assuming Independence of Symptoms

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (01) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gammerman ◽  
A. R. Thatcher
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Pain ◽  
Acute Abdominal Pain ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Bayes Theorem ◽  
Bayes Method ◽  
Hospital Records ◽  
Computer Diagnosis ◽  
Bayes Model ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Past Data

The paper describes an application of Bayes’ Theorem to the problem of estimating from past data the probabilities that patients have certain diseases, given their symptoms. The data consist of hospital records of patients who suffered acute abdominal pain. For each patient the records showed a large number of symptoms and the final diagnosis, to one of nine diseases or diagnostic groups. Most current methods of computer diagnosis use the “Simple Bayes” model in which the symptoms are assumed to be independent, but the present paper does not make this assumption. Those symptoms (or lack of symptoms) which are most relevant to the diagnosis of each disease are identified by a sequence of chi-squared tests. The computer diagnoses obtained as a result of the implementation of this approach are compared with those given by the “Simple Bayes” method, by the method of classification trees (CART), and also with the preliminary and final diagnoses made by physicians.

Cytogenetics and sex determination in man and mammals

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (S2) ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Male External Genitalia

SummarySex in man and probably throughout the class mammalia is normally determined by the presence of a Y chromosome (male) or its absence (female). The presence of genetic loci on both the long and the short arm of the X chromosome in double dose appears to be essential for the development of mature functional ovaries in the human female though a single X suffices in the female mouse.The development of masculine genital anatomy and phenotype is a consequence of prior formation of testes. In the absence of gonads of either kind, female internal and external genitalia are formed but secondary sex development fails. In rare human families a mutant gene suppresses the development of male external genitalia in 46, XY embryos but permits the development of testes and male internal genitalia. The external phenotype is normal female (syndrome of testicular feminization). A sex-linked mutant gene in the mouse has a similar effect.The locus or loci directly concerned with male development might lie wholly on the Y chromosome or might be located on another chromosome or chromosomes. In the latter case it (or they) must be repressed in the female and normally activated by a locus or loci on the Y chromosome in the male. Present evidence does not permit the exclusion of either possibility.

A giant within Carpocorini (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Description of Adustonotus graziae sp. nov.

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4958 (1) ◽  
pp. 489-502
Author(s):  
FILIPE MICHELS BIANCHI
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
New Taxon ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Evidence Analysis ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

The Carpocorini are distributed worldwide, and it is one of the most speciose tribes within the Pentatomidae with 127 genera and more than 500 valid species. Recently, Adustonotus Bianchi was described to contain eight species formerly placed within Euschistus Dallas. Among them, Adustonotus grandis (Rolston) and Adustonotus latus (Dallas) are remarkable for their large size. Herein, the phylogenetic position of a new taxon is inferred by a total evidence analysis based on 85 morphological characters and four molecular markers. Adustonotus graziae sp. nov. is described, and is recovered in a polytomic lineage, including A. grandis and A. latus. These species share a solid combination of features that enable them to be separated from the other Adustonotus species (e.g., large size, the humeral angles spatulate and exceptionally produced, and the capsula seminalis shortened). Illustrations of external and internal genitalia, and a distributional map are provided. 

A new species group to Edessa, the E. ovina group, with description of a new species (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae) from Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4958 (1) ◽  
pp. 628-642
Author(s):  
JOSE ANTONIO MARIN FERNANDES ◽  
VALERIA JULIETE DA SILVA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
New Records ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae ◽  
First Time ◽  
A New Species

The E. ovina group of species is proposed here to include Edessa ovina Dallas, 1851 from Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Paraguay, Brazil, Argentina (new records) and Guyana; E. impura Bergroth, 1891 from Brazil and Argentina (new record); E. sahlbergii Stål, 1872 restricted to Brazil; and E. graziae sp. nov. from Brazil and Argentina. The E. ovina group can be identified by the apex of the second pair of wings narrowing distally and by a tumid area on the ventral surface of the pygophore (male genitalia) projected posteriorly. Descriptions, measurements, and illustrations of the metasternal process, external and internal genitalia of male and female are provided. A map with the distribution of the species is presented. The holotype of Edessa ovina is designated here. Edessa argali Breddin, 1903 is considered a junior synonym of E. impura. Females of E. ovina and E. impura, and male of E. sahlbergii are described for the first time. 

The male genitalia of Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera: Agathiphagidae) and the lepidopteran ground plan

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels P. Kristensen
Keyword(s):  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Ejaculatory Duct ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Ground Plan ◽  
Accessory Glands ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Genital Structure ◽  
Segment Viii

AbstractThe genital segments and internal genitalia of Agathiphaga vitiensis are described. Sternum VIII is anteriorly produced into blunt paired apophyses and posteriorly into a tongue-shaped lobe. Segment IX is a complete ring, very short in the dorsal and ventral midlines; its anterolateral lobes are largely apodemal. The long and curved gonopod ("valva") consists of a single piece. There is no median sclerite between the gonopod bases, but an open, softwalled "subgenital crypt" below the entrance of the phallocrypt may be homologous with the "median plate" in other primitive homoneurous moths. Tergum X bears a pair of broad "superior lobes" and the postgenital complex terminates in a medially intended, sclerotized "terminal lobe" above the eversible perianal area. The roof of the posterior part of the genital chamber bears a median aggregation of cuticular spines (the "spiny plate"), and a pair of smooth lateral sclerotizations ("presocii") tentatively attributed to venter X: a pair of setose sclerites (socii) are tentatively attributed to the paraprocts. The area bearing the spiny plate and presocii may in repose be folded down behind the phallus, thereby closing the phallocrypt. The phallus comprises a tubular phallotheca and an eversible aedeagus; the thick basal margen of the phallotheca is posteriorly expanded and forms the floor of the greater part of the phallocrypt; there is no ventral aedeagal branch. The musculature comprises two IX/X muscles, a segment IX muscle inserting on the subgenital crypt, phallic pro- and retractors (the former originating in the gonopod), intrinsic phallic muscles, a single segment IX muscle (adductor) to the gonopod and five intrinsic muscles of the postgenital complex. Each testis comprises four large, separate follicles. The spermatozoa do not remain grouped in discrete bundles in the vas deferens. Seminal vesicles are located on the vasa deferentia close to the testis and are doubtfully homologous with the vesicles in other Lepidoptera. The unpaired ejaculatory duct is very short. The evidence bearing on a reconstruction of the ground plan of the lepidopteran male genitalia is reviewed. Segment VIII was similar to the preceding segments. It is tentatively suggested that tergum and sternum IX were fused, that the gonopod was undivided and that a tubular, partly sclerotized aedeagus was present; deviations from these states within the order are therefore considered to be autapomorphic. The base of the aedeagus was probably surrounded by a short, collarlike phallotheca. It is suggested that there was a median sclerite between the gonopod bases, but the presence of discrete, paired and muscular "valvellae" in the lepidopteran ground plan is considered doubtful. It is further suggested that dorsum X bore a pair of lobes and that there were paired sclerotizations in venter X. The X/XI boundary is very difficult to trace. Seventeen muscle sets are ascribed to the lepidopteran ground plan; it is considered an autapomorphy of this ground plan that the phallic protractor originates within the gonopod. The testes presumably had large, separate follicles and there may have been two pairs of tubular accessory glands. The testes and the double set of accessory glands of Agathiphaga could be cited in support of a sistergroup relationship to all other Lepidoptera whereas the phallic structure (and possibly the "spiny plate") might support a sister group relationship to the Heterobathmiina. There is no support in male genital structure for a sistergroup relationship to the Heterobathmiina + Glossata; the latter phylogenetic hypothesis may be preferable on other grounds, however.

scholarly journals Patient Safety versus Computer Diagnosis

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 04006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Walczak ◽  
Karol Antczak
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Computer Diagnosis

XVII.—The Reproductive Organs in Hapalemur and Lepilemur

1955 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
W. C. Osman Hill ◽  
D. V. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
First Time

SynopsisAn account of the morphology of the external and internal reproductive organs of the females of Hapalemur and Lepilemur and of the male of Hapalemur, including some histological details in both sexes of Hapalemur, is presented. The female apparatus in Hapalemur is described here for the first time, while new concepts emerge in connection with the male genitalia of Hapalemur and the female organs of Lepilemur, both of which have been imperfectly known. The tunnelling of the large clitoris by the urethra in Hapalemur is unique among the Madagascar lemurs and parallels the condition in the suborder Lorisoidea. The female Lepilemur exhibits typically lemurine external and internal genitalia, but lacks the glandular specialisations met with in Lemur. Details of the relative positions and peritoneal relations of the uterine cornua and ovaries in different lemurine genera are discussed. In the male Hapalemur the penis agrees with that of other Lemurinæ; internally some observations of Beddard and Oudemans are confirmed and supplemented. The necessity for the taxoaomic separation of Hapalemur is considered.

A contribution to the knowledge of Themus (Haplothemus) Wittmer from China (Coleoptera: Cantharidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4407 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
YUXIA YANG ◽  
HAOYU LIU ◽  
XINGKE YANG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Abdominal Sternite ◽  
Full Species ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Sternite Viii ◽  
First Time

The Chinese fauna of Themus Motschulsky, 1858 is studied. Two new species are described: Themus (Haplothemus) quadratiformis sp. nov. (China: Shaanxi) and T. (H.) longideverticulum sp. nov. (China: Yunnan). Themus (Haplothemus) mishmiensis Wittmer, 1973 stat. nov. is elevated to the full-species rank from the subspecies of T. (H.) elongatior Pic, 1955, both species are redescribed. The male of T. (H.) quadratus Wittmer, 1983 and the female of T. (H.) weishanensis Kopetz, 2016 are described for the first time. The species are illustrated with aedeagus and habitus of male, abdominal sternite VIII and internal genitalia of female. 

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