The application of enzyme activity measurements to a study of factors affecting protein, starch and cellulose fermentation in domestic refuse

Changes in RNase activity similar to those accompanying cytokinin-induced formation of gametophore buds in mosses (a decrease in the early phase of bud formation and later an increase in enzyme activity) have also been found during spontaneous formation of gametophores in moss ontogenesis. Using various factors affecting the cytokinin-induced process of bud formation a correlation has been found between this process and the increase in RNase activity.

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Immunoassay of muscle-specific creatine kinase with a monoclonal antibody and application to myogenesis and muscular dystrophy

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2130417 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 213 (2) ◽

pp. 417-425 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G E Morris ◽

L P Head

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibody ◽

Creatine Kinase ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Total Protein ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Thigh Muscle ◽

Cell Protein ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Activity Measurements

A competition e.l.i.s.a. (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) is described that enables direct measurement of the muscle-specific polypeptide of chick creatine kinase (M-CK) in extracts of differentiating muscle-cell cultures and in blood plasma samples, even in the presence of embryonic, or brain-type, creatine kinase. The characteristics of the assay can be considerably improved by the use of a monoclonal antibody, CK-ART, instead of rabbit antisera, and we offer an explanation for this in terms of heterogeneity of antibody affinities in polyclonal antisera. In addition to native enzyme, the assay will measure creatine kinase unfolded and inactivated by 8 M-urea treatment. During chick muscle differentiation in vitro, M-CK increased from 7.5% of the total creatine kinase at 24h to 76.0% at 143h, in good agreement with isoenzyme separation data. As a percentage of the total cell protein, M-CK increased by 156-340-fold over the same period and constituted 0.38-0.56% of the total protein in late cultures. E.l.i.s.a. measurements on 17-20-day embryonic thigh-muscle extracts, which contain almost exclusively M-CK, agree well with enzyme activity and radioimmunoassay. M-CK constituted 0.7-1.6% of the total protein in 17-19-day embryonic thigh muscle. Plasma M-CK concentrations in normal 2-8-week-old chickens were found to be in the range 0.5-0.9 micrograms/ml. Plasma concentrations of 32-56 micrograms/ml were found in 8-week-old dystrophic chickens by both e.l.i.s.a. and enzyme-activity measurements. The results suggest that inactive or unfolded forms of M-CK do not normally exist, in any significant amounts, in cell and tissue extracts or in freshly prepared samples of plasma.

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Abstract WP153: Post-Stroke Physical Exercise Improves Cognition in Middle-Aged Female Rats

Stroke ◽

10.1161/str.51.suppl_1.wp153 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Sharnikha Saravanan ◽

Weizhao Zhao ◽

Kunjan R Dave ◽

Miguel A Perez-Pinzon ◽

Ami P Raval

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Physical Exercise ◽

Cognitive Decline ◽

Fear Conditioning ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Female Rats ◽

Male Rats ◽

Mitochondrial Enzyme ◽

Post Stroke ◽

Activity Measurements

Background: A woman’s risk of a stroke increases exponentially following the onset of menopause, andpost-stroke cognitive decline is a significant consequence of stroke survivors. Our earlier study demonstrated that physical exercise (PE) reduced post-stroke brain injury and improved cognitive functions in male rats. The focus of our study is on the improvement of post-stroke cognitive function in female rats. Methods: Reproductively senescent Sprague-Dawley female rats were exposed to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO; 90 min) and randomly assigned to either PE or sham-PE groups. After 3-5 days, rats underwent sham-PE (0m/min speed) or PE (15m/min speed) for 30 mins either every day (continuous) or alternate day for five times on treadmill. The rats that underwent the alternate day paradigm were treated with ER-β agonist (DPN; 1mg/kg) or vehicle-DMSO immediately following PE/sham-PE sessions to determine the synergistic effect. Twenty-one days after the last PE/sham-PE, rats were tested for hippocampal-dependent contextual fear conditioning and freeze time was measured. Rat brains were processed for histology and infarct area was measured with MCID software. From a separate cohort of rat subjected to PE or sham-PE, brain tissue was harvested for various biochemical assays and mitochondrial enzyme activity measurements. Results: Post-tMCAO continuous PE did not reduce ischemic damage. However, alternate PE regimen with or without ER-β agonist reduced infract volume by 20% (p < 0.05) and 23% (p < 0.05), respectively as compared to no-PE. Similarly, alternate PE showed increased freezing on the second day of fear conditioning by 15% (p < 0.05), indicating improved spatial memory. Individual mitochondrial complex I, II, III and IV enzyme activity measurements demonstrated significant improvement in complex III-IV enzyme activities in the alternate PE treated group as compared to sham-PE. Conclusion: An alternate day PE paradigm and ER-β activation improves post-stroke mitochondrial enzyme activities and cognition in reproductively senescent female rats. Future studies delineating underlying mechanism could help identify therapies to prevent/reduce cognitive decline in menopausal female stroke patients.

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Relation Between Acid Proteinase Activity and Redistribution of Nitrogen During Grain Development in Wheat

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9760721 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 3 (6) ◽

pp. 721 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

MJ Dalling ◽

G Boland ◽

JH Wilson

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Nitrogen Removal ◽

Nitrogen Loss ◽

Proteinase Activity ◽

Acid Proteinase ◽

Wheat Cultivars ◽

Grain Development ◽

Significant Relation ◽

Activity Measurements ◽

Grain Nitrogen

Accumulation of grain nitrogen was studied in the wheat cultivars Argentine IX and Insignia. The pattern of nitrogen removal from several tissues of each cultivar was compared with the pattern of acid proteinase activity. There was a highly significant relation between the rate of nitrogen loss from the tissues and the rate estimated from the enzyme activity measurements. This suggests an important role for acid proteinase enzymes in leaf senescence. Redistribution of nitrogen present in the plant at anthesis accounted for 78.5 and 80.6 % of the final grain nitrogen yield of Argentine IX and Insignia respectively.

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Fast and accurate enzyme activity measurements using a chip-based microfluidic calorimeter

Analytical Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.ab.2017.12.028 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 544 ◽

pp. 57-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Morten M.C.H. van Schie ◽

Kourosh Honarmand Ebrahimi ◽

Wilfred R. Hagen ◽

Peter-Leon Hagedoorn

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Activity Measurements

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Amperometric Microcell for Enzyme Activity Measurements

Analytical Chemistry ◽

10.1021/ac971221z ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 2156-2162 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Geza Nagy ◽

Clarke X. Xu ◽

Richard P. Buck ◽

Erno Lindner ◽

Michael R. Neuman

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Activity Measurements

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Screening Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Digestive Tract Snail (Achatina fulica) and Test the Ability of Cellulase Activity

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v8i3.7263 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 386

Author(s):

Wijanarka Wijanarka ◽

Endang Kusdiyantini ◽

Sarjana Parman

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Generation Time ◽

Cellulase Activity ◽

Biology Education ◽

Activity Measurement ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Achatina Fulica ◽

Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽

Activity Measurements

On the research of enzyme production levels observed cellulase produced by bacteria in the digestive tract of the isolation of the Snail (Achatina fulica). Isolation of bacteria based on the ability of bacteria to grow on CMC media. The purpose of this study was to determine cellulase activity by cellulolytic bacteria. Some bacterial isolates were identified as cellulolytic bacteria, they were KE-B1, KE-B2, KE-B3, KE-B4, KE-B5, and KE-B6. Isolates KE-B6 was the best isolates. Furthermore KE-B6 isolates were grown on media production to determine the pattern of growth and enzyme activity. Measurement of cell growth was conducted by inoculating starter aged 22 hours at CMC production of liquid medium. Cellulase enzyme activity measurements was performed by the DNS method. The results showed that the highest activity by new isolate bacteria KE-B6 and its value of the activity of 0.4539 U/mL, growth rate (µ) 0.377/hour and generation time (g) 1.84 hour. This research expected cellulase of producing bacteria were easy, inexpensive and efficient. This enzyme can be used as an enzyme biolytic once expected to replace expensive commercial enzyme. The biotylic enzyme can be applied to strains improvement (protoplast fusion).How to CiteWijanarka, W., Kusdiyantini, E. & Parman, S. (2016). Screening Cellulolytic Bacteria from the Digestive Tract Snail (Achatina fulica) and Test the Ability of Cellulase Activity. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education, 8(3), 386-392.

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Recycling of Food Waste to Produce the Plant Fertilizer

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.24096 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4.37) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Rand R. Ahmed ◽

Aziz I. Abdulla

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Food Waste ◽

Ph Value ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Air Ventilation ◽

Living Organisms ◽

Plastic Containers ◽

Domestic Refuse

Around 5000 tons of food waste is produced every day in Iraq which accounts for about (50%) of the waste that we get rid of them. Waste sent to landfill for disposal may break down and produce methane gas that causes greenhouse effect, as well as cause odor, epidemics, and disease because of the disintegration. The research aims to produce organic fertilizer through the recycling of domestic refuse. It has been working through this research to collect the domestic refuse food which represent the nitrogen source, as well as the remains of cleaning and trimming of various trees and the remains of lawn mowers, and use of sawdust white wood which represent the carbon source. Have been working on dried and arranged in layers of perforated plastic containers for ventilation, it was moisturized with two different types of water and monitored fertilizer maturity for four months. Previously the fresh water was used for the purpose for moisturizing the mixture (chlorination water supply) later the domestic wastewater have been used. The comparison was made between the results of tests performed; the test has come up with the result that the use of "domestic wastewater" which it is rich in living organisms is the best and fastest in the process of manufacturing organic fertilizer than the use of "water supply", to contain the latter on the amount of chlorine of weakens the growth of microorganisms. And the use of dried plant waste, in the mixture as source of carbon was successful, and it gave the best organic fertilizer production results because these wastes are easy to decompose compare with sawdust wood. The felicitous fertilizer is it rich with nutrient such as nitrogen 2.3 %, phosphorus 13%, and potassium 20%, etc. There are some important factors affecting the process of production of fertilizer, including air ventilation, temperature, moisture content in the mixture. Carbon to nitrogen is a major factor, where each 20-30 part of the carbon should be taken into account for the decomposition of 1 part of the nitrogen to produce the compost properly, the high proportion of carbon about 30%, causes low-temperature mixture, and it leads to slow compost composition, and less than 20% leads to excess nitrogen, which lost in the air in the form of ammonia, and the higher pH value, could be toxic to some microorganisms.

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