Comparative studies on cadmium levels in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Barents Sea and the Eastern Arctic Ocean

1984 ◽  
Vol 317 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mart ◽  
H. W. Nürnberg ◽  
H. Rützel
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea

Marine Operation Windows Offshore Norway

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarte O. Kvamme ◽  
Adekunle P. Orimolade ◽  
Sverre K. Haver ◽  
Ove T. Gudmestad
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Polar Lows ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Buoy Measurements

A study of the wave conditions in the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea is presented in this paper. For each region, one reference location for which there are buoy measurements is selected. For the selected locations, WAM10 hindcast data are obtained from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET Norway). The hindcast data for each location cover the period from 1957 to 2014. First, the hindcast datasets were validated against available buoy measurements — both for extreme value predictions and for application of hindcast data for planning of marine operations. The validation was carried out considering the winter season and the summer season separately. For each season, the datasets for two consecutive months were used. A comparison of the time-series of the hindcast datasets against the buoy measurements showed that the hindcast datasets compared relatively well with the buoy measurements. However, a comparison of the statistical parameters of the hindcast datasets against the buoy measurements showed that the hindcast datasets are slightly conservative in the estimate of the significant wave height for the Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea. Overall, the data compared well, and the hindcast datasets are therefore considered in the following analysis. Hindcast data from these 57 years show that the wave conditions in the selected Norwegian Sea location is harsher than the wave conditions in both the North Sea and the Barents Sea locations. This is in agreement with the general expected spatial trend in the wave climate on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). It was also observed that the wave conditions in the selected Barents Sea location are harsher than the wave conditions in the North Sea. These findings are also reflected in the NORSOK N-003 standard on “Actions and Action effects” (NORSOK, 2015). The weather windows for weather-sensitive marine operations, that is, operations with operational reference period not exceeding 72 hours, were established from the hindcast dataset for each of the locations. It was observed that the Norwegian Sea has shorter weather windows, especially in the winter seasons, compared to both the Barents Sea and the North Sea. It was expected that the operational windows would be shorter in the winter seasons in the Barents Sea, due to the occurrence of polar lows. However, the polar lows are few and cause more concern related to forecasting of the weather conditions to start actual marine operations. Generally, the month with the highest probability of weather windows exceeding 72 hours was found to be July for all three locations.

scholarly journals A high-resolution hindcast of wind and waves for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea, and the Barents Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (C5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnar Reistad ◽  
Øyvind Breivik ◽  
Hilde Haakenstad ◽  
Ole Johan Aarnes ◽  
Birgitte R. Furevik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals Characterization of Wind-Sea- and Swell-Induced Wave Energy along the Norwegian Coast

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 166
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Christakos ◽  
George Varlas ◽  
Ioannis Cheliotis ◽  
Christos Spyrou ◽  
Ole Johan Aarnes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Wave Energy ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Wave Energy Flux ◽  
Wind Sea

The necessity to reduce C O 2 emissions in combination with the rising energy demand worldwide makes the extensive use of renewable energy sources increasingly important. To that end, countries with long coastlines, such as Norway, can exploit ocean wave energy to produce large amounts of power. In order to facilitate these efforts as well as to provide quantitative data on the wave energy potential of a specific area, it is essential to analyze the weather and climatic conditions detecting any variabilities. The complex physical processes and the atmosphere-wave synergetic effects make the investigation of temporal variability of wave energy a challenging issue. This work aims to shed new light on potential wave energy mapping, presenting a spatio-temporal assessment of swell- and wind-sea-induced energy flux in the Nordic Seas with a focus on the Norwegian coastline using the NORA10 hindcast for the period 1958–2017 (59 years). The results indicate high spatial and seasonal variability of the wave energy flux along the coast. The maximum wave energy flux is observed during winter, while the minimum is observed during summer. The highest coastal wave energy flux is observed in the Norwegian Sea. The majority of areas with dominant swell conditions (i.e., in the Norwegian Sea) are characterized by the highest coastal wave energy flux. The maximum values of wave energy flux in the North Sea are denoted in its northern parts in the intersection with the Norwegian Sea. In contrast to the Norwegian Sea, areas located in the North Sea and the Barents Sea show that wind sea is contributing more than swell to the total wave energy flux.

scholarly journals NORA10EI: A revised regional atmosphere‐wave hindcast for the North Sea, the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 4347-4373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilde Haakenstad ◽  
Øyvind Breivik ◽  
Magnar Reistad ◽  
Ole J. Aarnes
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Wave Hindcast ◽  
The North ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea

scholarly journals The northern European shelf as increasing net sink for CO<sub>2</sub>

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Becker ◽  
Are Olsen ◽  
Peter Landschützer ◽  
Abdirhaman Omar ◽  
Gregor Rehder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. We developed a simple method to refine existing open ocean maps towards different coastal seas. Using a multi linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Norwegian Coast and in the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded SOCAT v5 data revealed standard deviations of the residuals 0 ± 26 μatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 μatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 μatm in the Barents Sea, and 2 ± 42 μatm in the Baltic Sea.We used these maps as basis to investigate trends in fCO2, pH and air-sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean fCO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied region. Only the western part of the North Sea is showing an increase in fCO2 close to 2 μatm yr−1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than possibly observable trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase of fCO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period.

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