The determination of genome size in male and female germ cells of Drosophila melanogaster by DNA-feulgen cytophotometry

1980 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Khipple Mulligan ◽  
Ellen M. Rasch
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Feulgen Cytophotometry

scholarly journals INDUCED DOMINANT LETHAL MUTATIONS AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS IN GERM CELLS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WITH TRENIMON, PDMT AND SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHOSPHATE

Genetics ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Rudolf Büchi
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lethal Mutations ◽  
Dominant Lethal Mutations ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Dominant Lethality

ABSTRACT Male and female Drosophila melanogaster with special sex chromosome or special autosome constitutions were fed with the mutagenic chemicals Trenimon (2,3,5-trisethyleneimino-1,4-benzoquinone) and PDMT (1-phenyl-3, 3-dimethyltriazene) and with the toxic substance Na2PO3F (sodium monofluorophosphate). The frequency of dominant lethality was recorded among the progeny. The results clearly show that dominant lethality is dose dependent for Trenimon- or PDMT-treated chromosomes in mature sperm and mature oocytes, and an increased amount of chromosomal material per nucleus yields an enhanced lethality. In contrast, a pure toxic effect of Na2PO3F on mature oocytes was demonstrated with one type of female.—With the stocks of Drosophila used, it is possible to distinguish between mutagenic and toxic effects of chemicals on the germ cells. Therefore, dominant lethality can be used as a simple and quick screening test for chemical mutagens.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTS ON TOLERATION OF TEMPERATURE BY DROSOPHILA

1923 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold H. Plough ◽  
Maurice B. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Wild Stock ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Homozygous Condition ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Mutant Genes

1. Most wild stocks of Drosophila melanogaster can be bred indefinitely on banana agar at a temperature of 31°C. There is no relation between the geographical origin of these stocks and their ability to tolerate this temperature. 2. A single wild stock has been found which will breed for only one generation at temperatures above 29°C. The offspring hatched at 31°C. will breed normally at 24°C. This difference from other wild stocks is apparently genetic, but its genetic basis has not yet been worked out. 3. The mutant stocks of D. melanogaster tested by us will breed for only one generation at 31°C. and their offspring at this temperature are also fertile at 24°C. This condition is apparently a physiological effect of the presence of any of the mutant genes in a homozygous condition. 4. Similar tests indicate that wild stocks of D. virilis and Chymomyza procnemis will breed at 31°C., while D. simulans, D. immigrans, and D. funebris will not. The last two species are northern forms not commonly found in the tropics. 5. Both male and female flies from mutant stocks hatched at 31°C. produce offspring at this temperature if mated to flies hatched at 24°C. Their germ cells are therefore capable of development, and the cause of their failure to develop at 31°C. when inbred must lie either in the failure of the germ cells to reach each other or in the fertilization process itself.

scholarly journals The role of the ovarian tumor locus in Drosophila melanogaster germ line sex determination

Development ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pauli ◽  
B. Oliver ◽  
A.P. Mahowald
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Ovarian Tumor ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Regulatory Cascade

The locus ovarian tumor (otu) is involved in several aspects of oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. The possible role of otu in the determination of the sexual identity of germ cells has not been extensively explored. Some otu alleles produce a phenotype known as ovarian tumors: ovarioles are filled with numerous poorly differentiated germ cells. We show that these mutant germ cells have a morphology similar to primary spermatocytes and that they express male germ line-specific reporter genes. This indicates that they are engaged along the male pathway of germ line differentiation. Consistent with this conclusion, we found that the splicing of Sex-lethal (Sxl) pre-mRNAs occurs in the male-specific mode in otu-transformed germ cells. The position of the otu locus in the regulatory cascade of germ line sex determination has been studied by using mutations that constitutively express the feminizing activity of the Sxl gene. The sexual transformation of the germ cells observed with several combinations of otu alleles can be reversed by constitutive expression of Sxl. This shows that otu acts upstream of Sxl in the process of germ line sex determination. Other phenotypes of otu mutations were not rescued by constitutive expression of Sxl, suggesting that several functions of otu are likely to be independent of sex determination. Finally, we show that the gene dosage of otu modifies the phenotype of ovaries heterozygous for the dominant alleles of ovo, another gene involved in germ line sex determination. One dose of otu+ enhances the ovoD ovarian phenotypes, while three doses partially suppress these phenotypes. Synergistic interaction between ovoD1 and otu alleles leads to the occasional transformation of chromosomally female germ cells into early spermatocytes. These interactions are similar to those observed between ovoD and one allele of the sans fille (snf) locus. Altogether, our results imply that the otu locus acts, along with ovo, snf, and Sxl, in a pathway (or parallel pathways) required for proper sex determination of the female germ line.

scholarly journals Reproductive Isolation and Morphogenetic Evolution in Drosophila Analyzed by Breakage of Ethological Barriers

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Sánchez ◽  
Pedro Santamaria
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Drosophila Yakuba

Abstract This article reports the breaking of ethological barriers through the constitution of soma-germ line chimeras between species of the melanogaster subgroup of Drosophila, which are ethologically isolated. Female Drosophila yakuba and D. teissieri germ cells in a D. melanogaster ovary produced functional oocytes that, when fertilized by D. melanogaster sperm, gave rise to sterile yakuba-melanogaster andteissieri-melanogaster male and female hybrids. However, the erecta-melanogaster and orena-melanogaster hybrids were lethal, since female D. erecta and D. orena germ cells in a D. melanogaster ovary failed to form oocytes with the capacity to develop normally. This failure appears to be caused by an altered interaction between the melanogaster soma and the erecta and orena germ lines. Germ cells of D. teissieri and D. orena in a D. melanogaster testis produced motile sperm that was not stored in D. melanogaster females. This might be due to incompatibility between the teissieri and orena sperm and the melanogaster seminal fluid. A morphological analysis of the terminalia of yakuba-melanogaster and teissieri-melanogaster hybrids was performed. The effect on the terminalia of teissieri-melanogaster hybrids of a mutation in doublesex, a regulatory gene that controls the development of the terminalia, was also investigated.

Study of Dosage Compensation in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 165 (3) ◽  
pp. 1167-1181
Author(s):  
Pei-Wen Chiang ◽  
David M Kurnit
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Qpcr Assay ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Multiple Genes ◽  
Chromosomal Changes ◽  
Regulatory Effects

Abstract Using a sensitive RT-QPCR assay, we analyzed the regulatory effects of sex and different dosage compensation mutations in Drosophila. To validate the assay, we showed that regulation for several genes indeed varied with the number of functional copies of that gene. We then confirmed that dosage compensation occurred for most genes we examined in male and female flies. Finally, we examined the effects on regulation of several genes in the MSL pathway, presumed to be involved in sex-dependent determination of regulation. Rather than seeing global alterations of either X chromosomal or autosomal genes, regulation of genes on either the X chromosome or the autosomes could be elevated, depressed, or unaltered between sexes in unpredictable ways for the various MSL mutations. Relative dosage for a given gene between the sexes could vary at different developmental times. Autosomal genes often showed deranged regulatory levels, indicating they were in pathways perturbed by X chromosomal changes. As exemplified by the BR-C locus and its dependent Sgs genes, multiple genes in a given pathway could exhibit coordinate regulatory modulation. The variegated pattern shown for expression of both X chromosomal and autosomal loci underscores the complexity of gene expression so that the phenotype of MSL mutations does not reflect only simple perturbations of genes on the X chromosome.

scholarly journals Possibility of Human Gender Recognition Using Raman Spectra of Teeth

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3983
Author(s):  
Ozren Gamulin ◽  
Marko Škrabić ◽  
Kristina Serec ◽  
Matej Par ◽  
Marija Baković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectra ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Tooth Type ◽  
Tooth Apex ◽  
The Difference

Gender determination of the human remains can be very challenging, especially in the case of incomplete ones. Herein, we report a proof-of-concept experiment where the possibility of gender recognition using Raman spectroscopy of teeth is investigated. Raman spectra were recorded from male and female molars and premolars on two distinct sites, tooth apex and anatomical neck. Recorded spectra were sorted into suitable datasets and initially analyzed with principal component analysis, which showed a distinction between spectra of male and female teeth. Then, reduced datasets with scores of the first 20 principal components were formed and two classification algorithms, support vector machine and artificial neural networks, were applied to form classification models for gender recognition. The obtained results showed that gender recognition with Raman spectra of teeth is possible but strongly depends both on the tooth type and spectrum recording site. The difference in classification accuracy between different tooth types and recording sites are discussed in terms of the molecular structure difference caused by the influence of masticatory loading or gender-dependent life events.

scholarly journals Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species both affect reproductive success in male and female Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biz R. Turnell ◽  
Luisa Kumpitsch ◽  
Klaus Reinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Cellular Aging ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Respiratory Pathway ◽  
Male And Female

AbstractSperm aging is accelerated by the buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative damage to various cellular components. Aging can be slowed by limiting the production of mitochondrial ROS and by increasing the production of antioxidants, both of which can be generated in the sperm cell itself or in the surrounding somatic tissues of the male and female reproductive tracts. However, few studies have compared the separate contributions of ROS production and ROS scavenging to sperm aging, or to cellular aging in general. We measured reproductive fitness in two lines of Drosophila melanogaster genetically engineered to (1) produce fewer ROS via expression of alternative oxidase (AOX), an alternative respiratory pathway; or (2) scavenge fewer ROS due to a loss-of-function mutation in the antioxidant gene dj-1β. Wild-type females mated to AOX males had increased fecundity and longer fertility durations, consistent with slower aging in AOX sperm. Contrary to expectations, fitness was not reduced in wild-type females mated to dj-1β males. Fecundity and fertility duration were increased in AOX and decreased in dj-1β females, indicating that female ROS levels may affect aging rates in stored sperm and/or eggs. Finally, we found evidence that accelerated aging in dj-1β sperm may have selected for more frequent mating. Our results help to clarify the relative roles of ROS production and ROS scavenging in the male and female reproductive systems.

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