Modelling the linear viscoelasticity of unfilled and carbon black loaded elastomers

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ruddock ◽  
P. W. James ◽  
T. E. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Linear Viscoelasticity

Buckling of Viscoelastic Columns. Part II: Constant Deformation Rate Buckling

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shau-Chew Wang ◽  
Eberhard A. Meinecke
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Deformation Rate ◽  
Linear Viscoelasticity ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Gravitational Effects ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Constant Deformation ◽  
Lower Carbon

Abstract The buckling of viscoelastic columns has been considered from both a theoretical and an experimental perspective. The fact that buckling occurs at relatively low strain where the SBR is nearly linearly viscoelastic allowed several simplifications in the theoretical development, leading to closed form predictions of the loading and unloading curves. This treatment neglects gravitational effects and carbon secondary structure effects and fits the experimental data best at HAF loadings around 30 phr. At lower carbon black loadings, the gravitational effects caused the experimental Euler load to be less than predicted from linear viscoelasticity theory, while at higher carbon black loadings, the carbon black structure led to higher Euler loads than predicted.

Influence of annealing on linear viscoelasticity of carbon black filled polystyrene and low-density polyethylene

2011 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeqiang Tan ◽  
Xianze Yin ◽  
Mengting Chen ◽  
Yihu Song ◽  
Qiang Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Linear Viscoelasticity ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density

A Preparation of High Resolution Standards for Electron Microscopy. Part II

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Akira Tanaka ◽  
David F. Harling
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Graphitized Carbon Black ◽  
Graphitized Carbon ◽  
Dark Field Imaging ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
Micro Holes

In the previous paper, the author reported on a technique for preparing vapor-deposited single crystal films as high resolution standards for electron microscopy. The present paper is intended to describe the preparation of several high resolution standards for dark field microscopy and also to mention some results obtained from these studies. Three preparations were used initially: 1.) Graphitized carbon black, 2.) Epitaxially grown particles of different metals prepared by vapor deposition, and 3.) Particles grown epitaxially on the edge of micro-holes formed in a gold single crystal film.The authors successfully obtained dark field micrographs demonstrating the 3.4Å lattice spacing of graphitized carbon black and the Au single crystal (111) lattice of 2.35Å. The latter spacing is especially suitable for dark field imaging because of its preparation, as in 3.), above. After the deposited film of Au (001) orientation is prepared at 400°C the substrate temperature is raised, resulting in the formation of many square micro-holes caused by partial evaporation of the Au film.

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

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