Parametric investigations of the effects of prior exposure to amphetamine and morphine on conditioned gustatory aversion

1977 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Cappell ◽  
A. E. Le Blanc
Keyword(s):  
Prior Exposure

Potentiation of bromotrichloromethane hepatotoxicity in male rats exposed to 10 ppm dietary chlordecone: Electron Microscopic and biochemical study

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 284-285
Author(s):  
O. M. Faroon ◽  
R. W. Henry ◽  
M. G. Soni ◽  
H. M. Mehendale
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Biochemical Study ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Cellular Injury ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Potent Inducer ◽  
Cellular Energy

Previous work has shown that mirex undergoes photolytic dechlorination to chlordecone (CD) (KeponeR) in the environment. Much work has shown that prior exposure to nontoxic levels of CD causes potentiation of hepatotoxicity and lethality of CCl4, BrCCl3 and other halomethane compounds. Potentiation of bromotrichloromethane hepatotoxicity has been associated with compounds that stimulate the activity of hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO). An increase in the metabolism of halomethane by the MFO to a free radical initiates peroxidative decomposition of membranal lipids ending in massive cellular injury. However, not all MFO inducers potentiate BrCCl3 hepatotoxicity. Potentiation by much larger doses of phenobarbital is minimal and th at by a more potent inducer of MFO, mirex, is negligible at low doses. We suggest that the CD and bromotrichloromethane interaction results in a depletion of cellular energy and thereby reducing the cellular ability to undergo mitosis.

scholarly journals The effect of prior experience on diagnostic reasoning: exploration of availability bias

Diagnosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-272
Author(s):  
Sandra Monteiro ◽  
Jonathan Sherbino ◽  
Jonathan S. Ilgen ◽  
Emily M. Hayden ◽  
Elizabeth Howey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Error ◽  
Diagnostic Reasoning ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Clinical Vignettes ◽  
Experience Levels ◽  
Similar Patient

AbstractObjectivesDiagnostic reasoning has been shown to be influenced by a prior similar patient case. However, it is unclear whether this process influences diagnostic error rates or whether clinicians at all experience levels are equally susceptible. The present study measured the influence of specific prior exposure and experience level on diagnostic accuracy.MethodsTo create the experience of prior exposure, participants (pre-clerkship medical students, emergency medicine residents, and faculty) first verified diagnoses of clinical vignettes. The influence of prior exposures was measured using equiprobable clinical vignettes; indicating two diagnoses. Participants diagnosed equiprobable cases that were: 1) matched to exposure cases (in one of three conditions: a) similar patient features, similar clinical features; b) dissimilar patient features, similar clinical features; c) similar patient features, dissimilar clinical features), or 2) not matched to any prior case (d) no exposure). A diagnosis consistent with a matched exposure case was scored correct. Cases with no prior exposure had no matched cases, hence validated the equiprobable design.ResultsDiagnosis A represented 47% of responses in condition d, but there was no influence of specific similarity of patient characteristics for Diagnosis A, F(3,712)=7.28, p=0.28 or Diagnosis B, F(3,712)=4.87, p=0.19. When re-scored based on matching both equiprobable diagnoses, accuracy was high, but favored faculty (n=40) 98%, and residents (n=39) 98% over medical students (n=32) 85%, F(2,712)=35.6, p<0.0001. Accuracy for medical students was 84, 87, 94, and 73% for conditions a–d, respectively, interaction F(2,712)=3.55, p<0.002.ConclusionsThe differential diagnosis of pre-clerkship medical students improved with prior exposure, but this was unrelated to specific case or patient features. The accuracy of medical residents and staff was not influenced by prior exposure.

SPERM PREFERENCE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER  †

Genetics ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-427
Author(s):  
D Childress ◽  
D L Hartl
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Meiotic Drive ◽  
Prior Exposure ◽  
Different Types

Abstract A mating is described in which the females appear actively to discriminate against one of the genotypes of sperm. The males in the mating carry T(1;4)B  S  , and the sperm type selected against is the B  S+4-bearing segregant. Prior exposure of the reproductive tract of the females to B  S+4-bearing sperm seems to enhance the ability of the females to subsequently discriminate against B  S+4-bearing sperm. Thus it appears that at least some females of Drosophila melanogaster do possess a mechanism whereby different types of sperm can be distinguished—the sperm preference observed in this system appears to be independent of the meiotic drive in the T(1;4)B  S males.

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