The effect of nicotine and total alkaloids extracted from cigarette smoke on avoidance behavior in rats under extinction procedure

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Driscoll ◽  
K. B�ttig
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Extinction Procedure ◽  
Total Alkaloids

scholarly journals An examination of exposure and avoidance behavior related to second-hand cigarette smoke among adolescent girls in Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Schwartz ◽  
Raquel B Graham ◽  
Chris G Richardson ◽  
Chizimuzo T Okoli ◽  
Laura L Struik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Avoidance Behavior

scholarly journals An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Total Alkaloids in Cigarette Smoke Using On-line Cyanogen Chloride Generation from Low Hazard Starting Materials

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
RG Lidzey ◽  
GP Savage
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Cyanogen Bromide ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Cyanogen Chloride ◽  
On Line ◽  
Low Toxicity

AbstractAn automated procedure is described for the determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke using low toxicity reagents. Cyanogen chloride is formed on line from potassium thiocyanate and sodium hypochlorite. The procedure is compared with the previously used cyanogen bromide method which also uses Auto Analyser II methodology.

scholarly journals Altering Condensate Levels in Tobacco Smoke by Genetic Techniques

1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Chaplin ◽  
Harvey W. Spurr
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Tobacco Smoke ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Nicotine Content ◽  
Flavour Compounds ◽  
Total Alkaloids ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Genetic Techniques

AbstractCondensate deliveries from cigarettes can be reduced by manufacturers in various ways. Lines or cultivars of tobacco can also be developed whose cured leaf, upon pyrolysis, delivers less condensate in the smoke. Since there appears to be an association between condensate and nicotine in smoke, the condensate : nicotine ratio is important to the development of lines of tobacco that deliver low condensate levels. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for genetically controlling condensate delivery in cigarette smoke and data are presented. In general, when comparing the condensate delivery potential for different classes of tobacco, Burley delivered higher condensate values followed by dark fire-cured, dark air-cured, flue-cured and Maryland cultivars. In selecting genotypes for lowering condensate deliveries, the condensate / g of tobacco smoked is a better index than condensate/cigarette. In evaluating low-alkaloid tobaccos, the condensate delivery did not decrease appreciably as the total alkaloids were decreased. On an average, the decrease was about 4 mg of condensate / cigarette when compared with normal-alkaloid types but the condensate : nicotine ratio increased greatly. The ratio of condensate : nicotine was lowered when lines high in nicotine were produced. In one test reported, the ratio of condensate : nicotine ranged from 5.3 (TI 717) to 75.0 for a low-nicotine line. N. rustica had higher nicotine than N. tabacum cultivars and a lower condensate : nicotine ratio. The gene(s) responsible for the production of nicotine in N. rustica were transferred into N. tabacum and some of the derived lines had a nicotine content about 1 % higher than SC 58, the highest-nicotine cultivar, or flue-cured tobacco available. The condensate delivery / g of tobacco smoked was lower for these lines when compared with SC 58. All of the lines tested gave a condensate : nicotine ratio lower than SC 58. The data showed that condensate deliveries from tobaccos vary with the environment, cultural practices and the weather conditions under which the tobacco is produced. To make progress in breeding for lower condensate delivery in tobacco, it is necessary to assay large numbers of samples and methods for doing this were discussed. To breed low-condensate delivery lines with good smoking flavour, it will be necessary, simultaneously, to select for certain flavour compounds. More research is needed on flavour chemicals of tobacco and their relationship to condensate.

scholarly journals Examination of Cigarette Smoke Components: The Yield of Total Particulate Matter, Total Water, Pyridine, Nicotine, Phenol, Catechol, Scopoletin and Carbon Oxide in Cigarette Smoke in Correlation to Puff Number and Cigarette Filter - Betrachtungen über die Veränderung des Tabakrauches in der Cigarette: Die Ausbeute an Rohkondensat, Gesamtwasser, Pyridin, Nikotin, Phenol, Brenzcatechin, Scopoletin und Kohlenoxid im Cigarettenrauch in Abhängigkeit von der Zugnummer und vom Rauchfilter

1965 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
von P. Waltz ◽  
M. Häusermann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Vapour Pressure ◽  
General Scheme ◽  
Filter Material ◽  
Test Substance ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Volatile Phenols ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Total Alkaloids

AbstractAny smoke component is distributed over both the particulate and the gaseaus phases. The distribution is determined by a) the vapour pressure of the considered substance, b) its concentration in the smoke, and c) its physico-chemical affinity for the particulate phase. The availability of a substance in the gaseaus state, i. e. the condition for its selective removal by an appropriate filter, is therefore dependent on these factors. The experiments designed to study these relationships are based on three variables held each at several Ievels: :1. Test substances distinguishing themselves by the factors a), b), and c): Carbon monoxide, crude (moist) smoke condensate, total water, pyridine, total alkaloids, volatile phenols, catechol, and scopoletin. 2. These substances are determined in the smoke trapped separately per individual puffs. The composition of the smoke leaving the cigarette depends on the puff number, according to the factors a), b), and c). 3· Use of four different smoke filtration devices permitting the study of the availability of a given test substance or of its affinity to the filter material. The following expressions are used for the interpretation of the experimental results: The ratio of the yield of test substance to the yield of crude condensate; the coefficients of filtration of the test substance in both the tobacco rod and the experimental filter; the coefflcient of selectivity, defined as the difference between the respective coefficients of filtration for the crude condensate and for the test .substance. The results of the experimentation tend to confirm the initial hypothesis and give ,sufficient detailed information to permit the tentative establishment of a general scheme which allows to predict the selective behaviour of a particular ·smoke component, if its concentration in the smoke, its vapour pressure and its presumable affinity towards a given filter material are known. lt is further shown that a mathematical expression for the yield of a particular smoke component, as a function of the puff number, can be established on an empirical basis for carbon monoxide, · crude condensate, total alkaloids, catechol and scopoletin. The increase in the yield of carbon monoxide with the puff number is shown to be due to a CO loss through the permeable paper wrapper of the cigarette, this loss being smaller as the butt becomes shorter

EFFECTS OF HEIGHT OF TOPPING AND PLANT SPACING OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO ON CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF THE CURED LEAVES AND SMOKE CHARACTERISTICS OF CIGARETTES

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. ELLIOT
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Petroleum Ether Extract ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Total Particulate Matter ◽  
Total N ◽  
Total Alkaloids

In a 3-yr experiment, flue-cured tobacco, spaced at 60 cm in rows 107 cm apart, was topped at 12, 15, or 18 leaves or not topped. In a 2-yr experiment, plants were spaced at 38, 48, 58, and 71 cm, in rows 107 cm apart and topped at 14 or 18 leaves. Yield of tobacco increased with increase in topping height or decrease in plant spacing. The untopped tobacco yielded more than tobacco topped to 12 leaves. Lamina weight tended to increase with lower topping height or wider spacing. Increasing height of topping or decreasing plant spacing decreased total alkaloids in leaves and cigarette smoke; untopped tobacco was lower in total alkaloids than any topped tobacco. Level of total N was highest with the 12-leaf topping height in the sample combined from all harvests. Low topping and wide spacing tended to give the lowest reducing sugars for the combined sample. Increasing plant spacing tended to increase petroleum ether extract in the fourth and fifth harvests. Total particulate matter was not affected by height of topping but untopped tobacco had the lowest total particulate matter.

Gastric Contents and the Occurrence of Duodenal Lesions in the Rhesus Monkey During Avoidance Behavior

1962 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin Polish ◽  
Joseph V. Beady ◽  
John W. Mason ◽  
J.S. Thach ◽  
Wm Niemeck
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Duodenal Lesions ◽  
Gastric Contents
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