Protoplasts isolated from aleurone layers of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) exhibit the classic response to gibberellic acid

Planta ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hooley
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat

Carbohydrate concentrations and interactions in afterripening-responsive dormantAvena fatuacaryopses induced to germinate by gibberellic acid

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Foley ◽  
M. B. Nichols ◽  
S. P. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Sugar Production ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Excised Embryos

AbstractIt has been proposed that gibberellic acid (GA3) promotes germination by overcoming restrictions in sugar production and utilization in afterripening-responsive dormant caryopses. While their germination rates were similar, germination commenced sooner in afterripened wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) caryopses than in dormant caryopses treated with GA3and dormant excised embryos treated with GA3plus fructose (Fru). Limited germination occurred in dormant excised embryos cultured with GA3alone. Carbohydrate concentrations were measured over time in dormant caryopses and excised embryos whose germination was induced with GA3and GA3plus Fru. The concentration of sucrose (Suc) in the endosperm declined prior to germination of dormant GA3-treated caryopses. Raffinose (Raf) family oligosaccharides in the embryos of dormant GA-treated caryopses remained relatively constant prior to and shortly after the onset of germination. In contrast, Raf family oligosaccharides in the embryos of afterripened caryopses declined prior to germination. Together this suggests Raf family oligosaccharide utilization is not associated with germinationper se.Increased starch levels, which occurred in dormant excised embryos treated with Fru and GA3plus Fru, were associated with dormancy because similar effects were not apparent in afterripened embryos cultured with Fru. An initial decline in the concentration of Raf family oligosaccharides in dormant embryos cultured with GA3or GA3plus Fru seems to be a result of the excision process. GA3appears to stimulate the germination of dormant embryos by enhancing the uptake or utilization of Fru. It appears that GA3and afterripening-induced changes in carbohydrate utilization in dormant caryopses are different.

Germination response to phytochrome depends on specific dormancy states in wild oat (Avena fatua)

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1528-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Hou ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Mechanical Injury ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Germination Response ◽  
Genetic Origins

Effects of brief red and far-red light on germination of seeds from dormant lines of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) were studied in combination with mechanical injury to the seed coat, application of gibberellin A3, or changes in relative humidity during afterripening. Aberrant germination responses to phytochrome action were observed in the mechanically injured seeds in some of the lines, i.e., brief red light inhibited or delayed germination induced by injury, and immediately following far-red light cancelled the negative effects. Phytochrome action influenced germination of the gibberellin-treated seeds in a normal fashion, although effects of the gibberellic acid and brief red light on germination were not additive. Brief red light inhibited germination of seeds afterripened in zero relative humidity; the same light promoted germination of those in 30 and 60% relative humidity. Germination response to phytochrome in wild oat depends on specific seed dormancy states, illustrated by genetic origins, dormancy-breaking methods and afterripening conditions. Key words: Avena fatua, dormancy, mechanical injury, gibberellin A3, phytochrome, relative humidity.

Promotion of Germination of Dormant Weed Seeds by Substituted Phthalimides and Gibberellic Acid

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Field Pennycress ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Brassica Kaber

Both gibberellic acid and the substituted phthalimide AC-94377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)cyclohexanecarboximide] actively promoted germination of dormant seeds in five species out of nine. The species that responded to both compounds included wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler], curly dock (Rumex crispusL.), field pennycress (Thlapsi arvenseL.) and tansy phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifoliaL. Benth.). on a weight-per-weight basis, the ability of AC-94377 to stimulate germination was equal to, or greater than, GA3. The other two substituted phthalimides tested, AC-92803 [2-(3-chlorophthalimido)-2-methyl-2-isobutyl-acetamide] and AC-99524 [1-tetrahydrophthalimido-cyclohexane-carboximide], had either slight or no stimulatory activity.

Adenosine triphosphate and adenylate energy charge in relation to dormancy of wild oat seeds

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3349-3354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Adkins ◽  
James D. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Adenosine Triphosphate ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
The State ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Adenylate Energy Charge ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Oat Seeds ◽  
Adenosine Phosphates

Adenosine phosphates, expressed as ATP and energy charge levels, were compared in genetically identical dormant and nondormant caryopses of wild oat (Avena fatua L.). Air-dry nondormant caryopses had a larger pool of ATP and a higher energy charge than dormant caryopses. During the early hours of imbibition of water by dormant caryopses, ATP levels and energy charge increased indicating they are not limiting factors for germination. Moreover, during the induction of germination in dormant caryopses by gibberellic acid (GA3), changes in energy charge were similar to those observed on water, indicating that GA3 does not overcome dormancy simply by elevating energy charge levels. In a second study, ATP and energy charge were measured in initially dormant caryopses incubated under conditions of temperature that either removed or retained dormancy. Both embryo and endosperm extracts demonstrated correlations between levels of ATP or energy charge with temperature of incubation but not with the state of dormancy. The conclusions drawn from both lines of investigation do not support the hypothesis that release of dormancy is related to the metabolism of adenosine phosphates in caryopses of wild oat.

The Response of Wild Oat (Avena fatua) andAvena sterilisAccessions to Photoperiod and Temperature

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol N. Somody ◽  
John D. Nalewaja ◽  
Stephen D. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Avena Sterilis ◽  
Relative Growth

Twenty-nine wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯3AVEFA) andAvena sterilisL. ♯ AVEST accessions having various areas of origin and/or growth characteristics were grown to maturity in controlled environmental chambers. The four environments consisted of a 16-h photoperiod until 3 weeks after emergence, when the photoperiod was decreased (DP) 1 h per week for 8 weeks at a constant 14, 20, or 26 C (DP 14, DP 20, or DP 26); and an 8-h photoperiod until 3 weeks after emergence, when the photoperiod was increased (IP) 1 h per week for 8 weeks at a constant 20 C (IP 20). The relative growth rate of the accessions was similar in each environment. The length of the second leaf was up to 15 cm greater under 8- than 16-h day length at 20 C for some accessions, but was similar under both day lengths for other accessions. The width of the second leaf was greater under 14 than 20 C and was narrower with a 16-h than an 8-h photoperiod. Tiller initiation was slower in the DP 14 and IP 20 than in the DP 20 and DP 26 environments. Days to panicle emergence for individual accessions ranged from 10 to 57 days higher in the DP 14 than in the DP 20 environment. Seed produced on plants grown at 14 C had lower germination in water and 1500 ppm gibberellic acid than seed from plants grown at 20 C. Wild oat accessions varied in morphological characteristics, days to panicle emergence, and dormancy, and responded differently to changes in photoperiod and temperature. Wild oat morphological characteristics, days to panicle emergence, and dormancy did not consistently relate to species or area of origin.

Radial elongation of the epidermal cells of scutellum during caryopsis germination of wild oats (Avena fatua)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1789-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Rao ◽  
M. V. S. Raju
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Cell Elongation ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Starchy Endosperm ◽  
Wild Oats

The radial elongation of epidermal cells of the scutellum of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) embryos was studied quantitatively. In the nondormant embryos, the length of these cells, both on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the scutellum, was doubled in 10 days after the beginning of the imbibition of caryopses in water; no such elongation of cells was observed in the dormant embryos. The epidermal cells elongated to form papillae only after the primary root had emerged from the caryopsis. The length of the entire scutellum and that of its epidermal cells increased significantly in the presence of gibberellic acid and glucose or sucrose. It is suggested that the epidermal cell elongation is a postgermination phenomenon involving absorption and transport of the products of starchy endosperm hydrolysis, thus promoting further growth in the germinated embryo of the wild oat.

Effects of prolonged light on germination of six lines of wild oat (Avena fatua)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1414-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Q. Hou ◽  
G. M. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Light Reaction ◽  
Oat Seeds

Effects of prolonged light irradiation on seed germination of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) were studied in three nondormant and three dormant genetic lines. Light responses were observed in each of the lines tested. The expression of the light reaction is related to the genetic variability and dormancy states of the seeds. The light reaction can be observed in the dormant lines by removing the dormancy blocks in the seeds either through afterripening or by treatment with gibberellic acid or azide. Prolonged far-red, blue, and white light are inhibitory to germination. Prolonged red light had neutral, or inhibitory, effects compared with the corresponding dark germination. Germination responses to light depend on both the condition of phyto-chrome established by the light environment and the state of dormancy in wild oat seeds. Key words: phytochrome, dormancy, afterripening, genotype, gibberellin, azide.

Barban Selectivity for Wild Oat in Wheat

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 476-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Neidermyer ◽  
John D. Nalewaja
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Wild Oats

The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) to barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) was studied as influenced by plant morphology and air temperature after application. Growth of wheat and wild oat seedlings was reduced by barban at 0.3 μg and 0.6 μg applied to the first node, respectively. Barban application to the base and midpoint of the first leaf blade required a lower dose to reduce wild oat growth than wheat growth. Increased tillering occurred from barban injury to the main culm in wheat. Wheat and wild oat susceptibility to barban increased as the post-treatment temperature decreased from 32 to 10 C. Barban selectivity for wild oats in wheat was greater at 27 and 21 C than at 16 and 10 C.

Effects of Difenzoquat on Photoreactions and Respiration in Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Wild Oat (Avena fatua)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blaik P. Halling ◽  
Richard Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Electron Transport ◽  
Electron Acceptor ◽  
Photosynthetic Electron Transport ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Acceptor Activity ◽  
Proton Uptake

Experiments were conducted with isolated protoplasts of wild oat (Avena fatuaL. # AVEFA) and isolated chloroplasts of wild oat and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), to determine if the methyl sulfate salt of difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) might influence photoreactions in these species. Difenzoquat did not affect CO2fixation, uncoupled electron transport, or proton uptake. At concentrations of 0.5 mM and 1 mM, difenzoquat caused a slight, but statistically significant, inhibition of photophosphorylation. Experiments assaying coupled electron transport indicated that inhibition of photophosphorylation occurred not through uncoupling, but by an energy-transfer inhibition. This same effect was observed in isolated mitocondria of both species, with about 50% inhibition of state 3 respiration rates occurring with 10 μM difenzoquat. However, no important differentials were observed in the relative susceptibilities of wheat and wild oat mitochondria. Difenzoquat also functioned as a weak autooxidizing electron acceptor in photosynthetic electron transport. Therefore, difenzoquat-induced leaf chlorosis and necrosis may result from a bipyridilium-type electron acceptor activity if sufficient herbicide is absorbed.

scholarly journals Wild Oat (Avena Fatua L.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris Minor Ritz.) Management Through Allelopathy

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khawar Jabran ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Mubshir Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Ali ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Complete Inhibition ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Allelopathic Potential ◽  
Barnyard Grass ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Germination Time ◽  
Root And Shoot Length ◽  
Canary Grass

Wild Oat (Avena FatuaL.) and Canary Grass (Phalaris MinorRitz.) Management Through AllelopathyEnvironmental contamination, herbicide resistance development among weeds and health concerns due to over and misuse of synthetic herbicides has led the researchers to focus on alternative weed management strategies. Allelochemicals extracted from various plant species can act as natural weed inhibitors. In this study, allelopathic extracts from four plant species sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], mulberry (Morus albaL.), barnyard grass [Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.], winter cherry [Withania somnifera(L.)] were tested for their potential to inhibit the most problematic wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) weeds wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) and canary grass (Phalaris minorRitz.). Data regarding time to start germination, time to 50% germination, mean germination time, final germination percentage, germination energy, root and shoot length, number of roots, number of leaves, and seedling fresh and dry weight was recorded for both the weeds, which showed that mulberry was the most inhibitory plant species while sorghum showed least allelopathic suppression against wild oat. Mulberry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of the wild oat germination. The allelopathic potential for different plants against wild oat was in the order: mulberry > winter cherry > barnyard grass > sorghum. Mulberry, barnyard grass and winter cherry extracts resulted in a complete inhibition of canary grass. Sorghum however exhibited least suppressive or in some cases stimulatory effects on canary grass. Plants revealing strong allelopathic potential can be utilized to derive natural herbicides for weed control.

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