Spectral sensitivity and visual pigment of the compound eye of the galatheid crab Pleuroncodes planipes

1973 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Compound Eye

scholarly journals Electroretinogram Characteristics and the Spectral Mechanisms of the Median Ocellus and the Lateral Eye in Limulus polyphemus

1967 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 2267-2287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Chapman ◽  
Abner B. Lall
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
State Level ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Energy Functions ◽  
Lateral Eye ◽  
Median Ocellus

Electrical responses (ERG) to light flashes of various wavelengths and energies were obtained from the dorsal median ocellus and lateral compound eye of Limulus under dark and chromatic light adaptation. Spectral mechanisms were studied by analyzing (a) response waveforms, e.g. response area, rise, and fall times as functions of amplitude, (b) slopes of amplitude-energy functions, and (c) spectral sensitivity functions obtained by the criterion amplitude method. The data for a single spectral mechanism in the lateral eye are (a) response waveforms independent of wavelength, (b) same slope for response-energy functions at all wavelengths, (c) a spectral sensitivity function with a single maximum near 520 mµ, and (d) spectral sensitivity invariance in chromatic adaptation experiments. The data for two spectral mechanisms in the median ocellus are (a) two waveform characteristics depending on wavelength, (b) slopes of response-energy functions steeper for short than for long wavelengths, (c) two spectral sensitivity peaks (360 and 530–535 mµ) when dark-adapted, and (d) selective depression of either spectral sensitivity peak by appropriate chromatic adaptation. The ocellus is 200–320 times more sensitive to UV than to visible light. Both UV and green spectral sensitivity curves agree with Dartnall's nomogram. The hypothesis is favored that the ocellus contains two visual pigments each in a different type of receptor, rather than (a) various absorption bands of a single visual pigment, (b) single visual pigment and a chromatic mask, or (c) fluorescence. With long duration light stimuli a steady-state level followed the transient peak in the ERG from both types of eyes.

scholarly journals Two visual pigment opsins, one expressed in the dorsal region and another in the dorsal and the ventral regions, of the compound eye of a dragonfly,Sympetrum frequens

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Arikawa ◽  
Koichi Ozaki ◽  
Takanari Tsuda ◽  
Junko Kitamoto ◽  
Yuji Mishina
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Sympetrum Frequens

Light-Evoked Electrical Potentials from the Eye and Optic Nerve of Strombus: Response Waveform and Spectral Sensitivity

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
HOWARD L. GILLARY
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Synaptic Inhibition ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Peak Absorption ◽  
Negative Erg ◽  
Sensitivity Studies

1. The cornea-negative ERG of the eye of Strombus exhibited two distinct ‘on’ peaks, a steady state during sustained illumination, and small rhythmic oscillations following the cessation of stimulation. 2. In certain afferent optic nerve fibres, illumination evoked phasic and tonic ‘on’ responses; others, whose activity was inhibited by light, responded with repetitive ‘off’ bursts which tended to occur in phase with the rhythmic ERG oscillations. 3. Spectral sensitivity studies indicate the presence of a single visual pigment with a peak absorption of about 485 nm. 4. The effects on the response of temperature and stimulus intensity and frequency were also examined. 5. The results indicate photo-excitation and synaptic inhibition of the receptors, and excitatory coupling between them.

Feeding behavior in the nocturnal moth Manduca sexta is mediated mainly by blue receptors, but where are they located in the retina?

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (9) ◽  
pp. 1909-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Cutler ◽  
R Bennett ◽  
R Stevenson ◽  
R White
Keyword(s):  
Manduca Sexta ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Feeding Response ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Nectar Feeding ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Two Peaks

The spectral sensitivity of nectar feeding by adults of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta was measured in free-choice experiments. The action spectrum displayed a narrow peak at 450 nm and a low secondary maximum at 560 nm. Thus, the feeding response is mediated primarily by blue-sensitive receptors containing the Manduca sexta photopigment P450, while green-sensitive receptors containing P520 play a minor role. A minimum at 500 nm separating the two peaks suggests mutual inhibition between green and blue receptors or negative interaction more proximally in the visual system. The action spectrum drops off abruptly at 400 nm, in accordance with an earlier finding that ultraviolet wavelengths, discerned by receptors containing P357, obstruct the feeding response. The spectral sensitivity of the Manduca sexta compound eye, determined by electroretinogram recordings, and earlier visual pigment measurements indicate that approximately 75 % of the receptors are green-sensitive, with the remainder divided between blue- and ultraviolet-sensitive cells. The distribution of receptor types in small areas of the retina was measured by their ultrastructural response to light. Green and ultraviolet receptors were found, but not the blue receptors that dominate the feeding response. Possibly they are concentrated in a particular region of the retina that has not yet been found.

Spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.E. Brown ◽  
M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Secondary Peak ◽  
Peak Response ◽  
Primary Peak ◽  
Cabbage Root Fly

AbstractThe spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum (Linnaeus), was measured using the electroretinogram (ERG) technique, at fifteen selected wavelengths between 340 nm and 670 nm. The form of the ERG was found to be diphasic in nature. A primary peak of spectral sensitivity in the UV (340–350 nm), and a smaller secondary peak in the blue-green region (460–546 nm) were found, together with a shoulder of sensitivity, representing a ‘pseudo-peak’ as reported for other Diptera, in the red region (630 nm). No significant differences were found between the dorsal and ventral regions of the eye. The peak response in the green region (546 nm) agrees well with existing behavioural data on colour attraction and visual discrimination of host plants by the cabbage root fly.

scholarly journals The role of retinal photoisomerase in the visual cycle of the honeybee.

1991 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
W C Smith ◽  
T H Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Rod Outer Segments ◽  
Visual Cycle ◽  
In Vitro Techniques ◽  
The Third ◽  
Isomerization Processes

The compound eye of the honeybee has previously been shown to contain a soluble retinal photoisomerase which, in vitro, is able to catalyze stereospecifically the photoconversion of all-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal. In this study we combine in vivo and in vitro techniques to demonstrate how the retinal photoisomerase is involved in the visual cycle, creating 11-cis retinal for the generation of visual pigment. Honeybees have approximately 2.5 pmol/eye of retinal associated with visual pigments, but larger amounts (4-12 pmol/eye) of both retinal and retinol bound to soluble proteins. When bees are dark adapted for 24 h or longer, greater than 80% of the endogenous retinal, mostly in the all-trans configuration, is associated with the retinal photoisomerase. On exposure to blue light the retinal is isomerized to 11-cis, which makes it available to an alcohol dehydrogenase. Most of it is then reduced to 11-cis retinol. The retinol is not esterified and remains associated with a soluble protein, serving as a reservoir of 11-cis retinoid available for renewal of visual pigment. Alternatively, 11-cis retinal can be transferred directly to opsin to regenerate rhodopsin, as shown by synthesis of rhodopsin in bleached frog rod outer segments. This retinaldehyde cycle from the honeybee is the third to be described. It appears very similar to the system in another group of arthropods, flies, and differs from the isomerization processes in vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks.

scholarly journals Single and Multiple Visual Systems in Arthropods

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wald
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Green Crab ◽  
Spider Crab ◽  
Color Adaptation ◽  
Visual Systems

Extraction of two visual pigments from crayfish eyes prompted an electrophysiological examination of the role of visual pigments in the compound eyes of six arthropods. The intact animals were used; in crayfishes isolated eyestalks also. Thresholds were measured in terms of the absolute or relative numbers of photons per flash at various wavelengths needed to evoke a constant amplitude of electroretinogram, usually 50 µv. Two species of crayfish, as well as the green crab, possess blue- and red-sensitive receptors apparently arranged for color discrimination. In the northern crayfish, Orconectes virilis, the spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 550 mµ, and on adaptation to bright red or blue lights breaks into two functions with λmax respectively at about 435 and 565 mµ, apparently emanating from different receptors. The swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, displays a maximum sensitivity when dark-adapted at about 570 mµ, that breaks on color adaptation into blue- and red-sensitive functions with λmax about 450 and 575 mµ, again involving different receptors. Similarly the green crab, Carcinides maenas, presents a dark-adapted sensitivity maximal at about 510 mµ that divides on color adaptation into sensitivity curves maximal near 425 and 565 mµ. Each of these organisms thus possesses an apparatus adequate for at least two-color vision, resembling that of human green-blinds (deuteranopes). The visual pigments of the red-sensitive systems have been extracted from the crayfish eyes. The horse-shoe crab, Limulus, and the lobster each possesses a single visual system, with λmax respectively at 520 and 525 mµ. Each of these is invariant with color adaptation. In each case the visual pigment had already been identified in extracts. The spider crab, Libinia emarginata, presents another variation. It possesses two visual systems apparently differentiated, not for color discrimination but for use in dim and bright light, like vertebrate rods and cones. The spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 490 mµ and on light adaptation, whether to blue, red, or white light, is displaced toward shorter wavelengths in what is essentially a reverse Purkinje shift. In all these animals dark adaptation appears to involve two phases: a rapid, hyperbolic fall of log threshold associated probably with visual pigment regeneration, followed by a slow, almost linear fall of log threshold that may be associated with pigment migration.

Spectral sensitivity of screening pigment migration in the compound eye ofManduca sexta

1983 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. White ◽  
Mark J. Banister ◽  
Ruth R. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Compound Eye ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Pigment Migration
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