Effects of competition, herbivory and substrate disturbance on growth and size structure in pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) seedlings

Oecologia ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Shabel ◽  
David R. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Substrate Disturbance

Structure and composition of metal particles in Pt-Sn/Al2O3 bimetallic catalysts

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
A. Sachdev ◽  
J. Schwank
Keyword(s):  
Bimetallic Catalysts ◽  
Bimetallic Catalyst ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Alloy Formation ◽  
Particle Size Range ◽  
Oxide Supports ◽  
Petroleum Fractions

Platinum - tin bimetallic catalysts have been primarily utilized in the chemical industry in the catalytic reforming of petroleum fractions. In this process the naphtha feedstock is converted to hydrocarbons with higher octane numbers and high anti-knock qualities. Most of these catalysts contain small metal particles or crystallites supported on high surface area insulating oxide supports. The determination of the structure and composition of these particles is crucial to the understanding of the catalytic behavior. In a bimetallic catalyst it is important to know how the two metals are distributed within the particle size range and in what way the addition of a second metal affects the size, structure and composition of the metal particles. An added complication in the Pt-Sn system is the possibility of alloy formation between the two elements for all atomic ratios.

Effects of marine reserves on predator-prey interactions in central California kelp forests

2020 ◽  
Vol 655 ◽  
pp. 139-155
Author(s):  
DC Yates ◽  
SI Lonhart ◽  
SL Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Kelp Forests ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Central California ◽  
Invertebrate Predators ◽  
Predatory Fishes ◽  
Density And Biomass

Marine reserves are often designed to increase density, biomass, size structure, and biodiversity by prohibiting extractive activities. However, the recovery of predators following the establishment of marine reserves and the consequent cessation of fishing may have indirect negative effects on prey populations by increasing prey mortality. We coupled field surveys with empirical predation assays (i.e. tethering experiments) inside and outside of 3 no-take marine reserves in kelp forests along the central California coast to quantify the strength of interactions between predatory fishes and their crustacean prey. Results indicated elevated densities and biomass of invertebrate predators inside marine reserves compared to nearby fished sites, but no significant differences in prey densities. The increased abundance of predators inside marine reserves translated to a significant increase in mortality of 2 species of decapod crustaceans, the dock shrimp Pandalus danae and the cryptic kelp crab Pugettia richii, in tethering experiments. Shrimp mortality rates were 4.6 times greater, while crab mortality rates were 7 times greater inside reserves. For both prey species, the time to 50% mortality was negatively associated with the density and biomass of invertebrate predators (i.e. higher mortality rates where predators were more abundant). Video analyses indicated that macro-invertivore fishes arrived 2 times faster to tethering arrays at sites inside marine reserves and began attacking tethered prey more rapidly. The results indicate that marine reserves can have direct and indirect effects on predators and their prey, respectively, and highlight the importance of considering species interactions in making management decisions.

Persistence of giants: population dynamics of the limpet Scutellastra laticostata on rocky shores in Western Australia

2020 ◽  
Vol 646 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
RE Scheibling ◽  
R Black
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Decadal Time Scale

Population dynamics and life history traits of the ‘giant’ limpet Scutellastra laticostata on intertidal limestone platforms at Rottnest Island, Western Australia, were recorded by interannual (January/February) monitoring of limpet density and size structure, and relocation of marked individuals, at 3 locations over periods of 13-16 yr between 1993 and 2020. Limpet densities ranged from 4 to 9 ind. m-2 on wave-swept seaward margins of platforms at 2 locations and on a rocky notch at the landward margin of the platform at a third. Juvenile recruits (25-55 mm shell length) were present each year, usually at low densities (<1 m-2), but localized pulses of recruitment occurred in some years. Annual survival rates of marked limpets varied among sites and cohorts, ranging from 0.42 yr-1 at the notch to 0.79 and 0.87 yr-1 on the platforms. A mass mortality of limpets on the platforms occurred in 2003, likely mediated by thermal stress during daytime low tides, coincident with high air temperatures and calm seas. Juveniles grew rapidly to adult size within 2 yr. Asymptotic size (L∞, von Bertalanffy growth model) ranged from 89 to 97 mm, and maximum size from 100 to 113 mm, on platforms. Growth rate and maximum size were lower on the notch. Our empirical observations and simulation models suggest that these populations are relatively stable on a decadal time scale. The frequency and magnitude of recruitment pulses and high rate of adult survival provide considerable inertia, enabling persistence of these populations in the face of sporadic climatic extremes.

ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN GRAIN-SIZE COMPOSITION VARIABILITY OF THE ANAPA BAY-BAR BEACH SEDIMENTS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. Крыленко ◽  
V. Krylenko ◽  
Р. Косьян ◽  
R. Kos'yan ◽  
М. Крыленко ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Size Composition ◽  
Potential Danger ◽  
Grain Size Composition ◽  
Beach Sediments ◽  
Sediment Particles ◽  
Sand Material

The results of realized in 2010 field researches of the spatial and time grain-size structure variability of beach and bottom sediments of the bay-bar Anapskaya southern part are presented in this paper. Irretrievable carrying out of sediment particles to depths more than 7 m intensifies with their size decrease to 0,1 mm. As over 70 % bottom and about 60 % beach sediments are presented by fractions less 0,16 mm on bay-bar Anapskaya southern part, namely at this part there is sand material massive carrying out to depth. Potential danger of the investigated site geosystem degradation is revealed.

An Effective Cumulative Torsion Angles Model for Prediction of Protein Folding Rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanru Li ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Jun Lv
Keyword(s):  
Protein Folding ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Conformational Space ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Folding Rate ◽  
Torsion Angles ◽  
Folding Rates ◽  
Protein Folding Rate ◽  
Optimal Set ◽  
Conformation Space

Background: Protein folding rate is mainly determined by the size of the conformational space to search, which in turn is dictated by factors such as size, structure and amino-acid sequence in a protein. It is important to integrate these factors effectively to form a more precisely description of conformation space. But there is no general paradigm to answer this question except some intuitions and empirical rules. Therefore, at the present stage, predictions of the folding rate can be improved through finding new factors, and some insights are given to the above question. Objective: Its purpose is to propose a new parameter that can describe the size of the conformational space to improve the prediction accuracy of protein folding rate. Method: Based on the optimal set of amino acids in a protein, an effective cumulative backbone torsion angles (CBTAeff) was proposed to describe the size of the conformational space. Linear regression model was used to predict protein folding rate with CBTAeff as a parameter. The degree of correlation was described by the coefficient of determination and the mean absolute error MAE between the predicted folding rates and experimental observations. Results: It achieved a high correlation (with the coefficient of determination of 0.70 and MAE of 1.88) between the logarithm of folding rates and the (CBTAeff)0.5 with experimental over 112 twoand multi-state folding proteins. Conclusion: The remarkable performance of our simplistic model demonstrates that CBTA based on optimal set was the major determinants of the conformation space of natural proteins.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document