Special somatic spine synapses in the ciliary ganglion of the chick

1967 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyozo Takahashi
Keyword(s):  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Somatic Spine

scholarly journals Regulation of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Polysialylation: Evidence for Nontranscriptional Control and Sensitivity to an Intracellular Pool of Calcium

1998 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
pp. 1177-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan L. Brusés ◽  
Urs Rutishauser
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule ◽  
Calcium Ionophore ◽  
Cytosolic Calcium ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Cell Adhesion

The up- and downregulation of polysialic acid–neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA–NCAM) expression on motorneurons during development is associated respectively with target innervation and synaptogenesis, and is regulated at the level of PSA enzymatic biosynthesis involving specific polysialyltransferase activity. The purpose of this study has been to describe the cellular mechanisms by which that regulation might occur. It has been found that developmental regulation of PSA synthesis by ciliary ganglion motorneurons is not reflected in the levels of polysialyltransferase-1 (PST) or sialyltransferase-X (STX) mRNA. On the other hand, PSA synthesis in both the ciliary ganglion and the developing tectum appears to be coupled to the concentration of calcium in intracellular compartments. This study documents a calcium dependence of polysialyltransferase activity in a cell-free assay over the range of 0.1–1 mM, and a rapid sensitivity of new PSA synthesis, as measured in a pulse–chase analysis of tissue explants, to calcium ionophore perturbation of intracellular calcium levels. Moreover, the relevant calcium pool appears to be within a specific intracellular compartment that is sensitive to thapsigargin and does not directly reflect the level of cytosolic calcium. Perturbation of other major second messenger systems, such as cAMP and protein kinase–dependent pathways, did not affect polysialylation in the pulse chase analysis. These results suggest that the shuttling of calcium to different pools within the cell can result in the rapid regulation of PSA synthesis in developing tissues.

scholarly journals Resolution of diaminobenzidine for the detection of horseradish peroxidase on surfaces of cultured cells.

1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 837-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Messing ◽  
A Stieber ◽  
N K Gonatas
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Monolayer Cultures ◽  
Indirect Immunoperoxidase ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

The resolution of indirect immunoperoxidase methods for localizing antigens on the surface of plasma membranes of cultured cells was tested using dissociated monolayer cultures of ciliary ganglion neurons prelabeled with cationic ferritin. Clusters of ferritin were produced on the cell surface by warming the cells to 37 degrees C after the ferritin, rabbit anti-ferritin, and goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin coupled to horseradish peroxidase had all been applied. Intense 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) staining was limited to the regions immediately surrounding the ferritin clusters. The lateral spread of the DAB reaction product beyond the outer ferritin particles in each cluster averaged 54-81 nm in four experiments. A second type of increased density, coinciding with the thickness of the plasma membrane, was also seen. These stained plasma membranes extended 161-339 nm from the ferritin clusters.

scholarly journals Agrin Gene Expression in Ciliary Ganglion Neurons Following Preganglionic Denervation and Postganglionic Axotomy

1995 ◽  
Vol 168 (2) ◽  
pp. 662-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy S. Thomas ◽  
Michele H. Jacob ◽  
Diane K. O'Dowd ◽  
Martin A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

GDNF and neurturin are target-derived factors essential for cranial parasympathetic neuron development

Development ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 128 (19) ◽  
pp. 3773-3782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Hashino ◽  
Marlene Shero ◽  
Dirk Junghans ◽  
Hermann Rohrer ◽  
Jeffrey Milbrandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Striate Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion ◽  
Neuron Development ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Parasympathetic Neuron

During development, parasympathetic ciliary ganglion neurons arise from the neural crest and establish synaptic contacts on smooth and striate muscle in the eye. The factors that promote the ciliary ganglion pioneer axons to grow toward their targets have yet to be determined. Here, we show that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NRTN) constitute target-derived factors for developing ciliary ganglion neurons. Both GDNF and NRTN are secreted from eye muscle located in the target and trajectory pathway of ciliary ganglion pioneer axons during the period of target innervation. After this period, however, the synthesis of GDNF declines markedly, while that of NRTN is maintained throughout the cell death period. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo function-blocking of GDNF at early embryonic ages almost entirely suppresses ciliary axon outgrowth. These results demonstrate that target-derived GDNF is necessary for ciliary ganglion neurons to innervate ciliary muscle in the eye. Since the down-regulation of GDNF in the eye is accompanied by down-regulation of GFRα1 and Ret, but not of GFRα2, in innervating ciliary ganglion neurons, the results also suggest that target-derived GDNF regulates the expression of its high-affinity coreceptors.

α-Bungarotoxin-acetylcholine receptors in the chick ciliary ganglion: Effects of deafferentation and axotomy

1978 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Fumagalli ◽  
Gabriella De Renzis ◽  
Nicolo' Miani
Keyword(s):  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Ciliary Ganglion
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