Electron microscopic histochemistry of lysosomes in neurosecretory nerve endings and pituicytes of rat posterior pituitary

1970 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Whitaker ◽  
Frank S. LaBella ◽  
Madhu Sanwal
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Electron Microscopic

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF NERVE ENDINGS FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Labella ◽  
Madhu Sanwal
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Basement Membranes ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Neurosecretory Granules ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Free Nerve Endings ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Staining Techniques

Bovine posterior pituitary glands were homogenized in 10 per cent sucrose and fractionated by differential centrifugation. The following centrifugation procedure resulted in the most satisfactory separation: 1000 g for 15 minutes—nuclei, connective tissue, basement membranes with associated endothelium, giant nerve endings, and whole pituicytes; 4200 g for 15 minutes—free nerve endings, including Herring bodies; 17,000 g for 15 minutes—mitochondria; 68,000 g for 15 minutes—neurosecretory granules. Electron microscopic examination was carried out on whole tissue and on the isolated fractions. Isolated nerve endings were examined also by negative staining techniques. Isolated nerve endings retain an apparently normal complement of mitochondria, neurosecretory granules, and microvesicles ("synaptic" vesicles). The free nerve endings closely resemble those observed in sections of intact posterior pituitary tissue. Free microvesicles were not observed in any of the fractions isolated and apparently sediment at centrifugal forces higher than those employed in this study.

scholarly journals Immunoelectron microscopic characterization of vasopressin neurons in macaques by use of formaldehyde-fixed tissues stored for several years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akito Otubo ◽  
Sho Maejima ◽  
Takumi Oti ◽  
Kaita Satoh ◽  
Yasumasa Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Research ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Vasopressin Neurons

Translational research often requires the testing of experimental therapies in primates, but research in non-human primates is now stringently controlled by law around the world. Tissues fixed in formaldehyde without glutaraldehyde have been thought to be inappropriate for use in electron microscopic analysis, particularly those of the brain. Here we report the immunoelectron microscopic characterization of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons in macaque hypothalamo-pituitary axis tissues fixed with 4% formaldehyde and stored at −25°C for several years. The size difference of dense-cored vesicles between magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons was detectable in their cell bodies and perivascular nerve endings located, respectively, in the posterior pituitary and median eminence. Furthermore, glutamate and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 were colocalized with AVP in perivascular nerve endings of both the posterior pituitary and the external layer of the median eminence, suggesting that both magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons are glutamatergic in primates. Both ultrastructure and immunoreactivity can therefore be sufficiently preserved in macaque brain tissues stored long-term for light microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that this methodology could be applied to the human post-mortem brain and be very useful in translational research.

scholarly journals Immunoelectron Microscopic Characterization of Vasopressin-Producing Neurons in the Hypothalamo-Pituitary Axis of Non-Human Primates by Use of Formaldehyde-Fixed Tissues Stored at –25 °C for Several Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9180
Author(s):  
Akito Otubo ◽  
Sho Maejima ◽  
Takumi Oti ◽  
Keita Satoh ◽  
Yasumasa Ueda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translational Research ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Post Mortem Brain

Translational research often requires the testing of experimental therapies in primates, but research in non-human primates is now stringently controlled by law around the world. Tissues fixed in formaldehyde without glutaraldehyde have been thought to be inappropriate for use in electron microscopic analysis, particularly those of the brain. Here we report the immunoelectron microscopic characterization of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-producing neurons in macaque hypothalamo-pituitary axis tissues fixed by perfusion with 4% formaldehyde and stored at –25 °C for several years (4–6 years). The size difference of dense-cored vesicles between magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons was detectable in their cell bodies and perivascular nerve endings located, respectively, in the posterior pituitary and median eminence. Furthermore, glutamate and the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 could be colocalized with AVP in perivascular nerve endings of both the posterior pituitary and the external layer of the median eminence, suggesting that both magnocellular and parvocellular AVP neurons are glutamatergic in primates. Both ultrastructure and immunoreactivity can therefore be sufficiently preserved in macaque brain tissues stored long-term, initially for light microscopy. Taken together, these results suggest that this methodology could be applied to the human post-mortem brain and be very useful in translational research.

scholarly journals ISOLATED NERVE ENDINGS (NEUROSECRETOSOMES) FROM THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY

1967 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliot Bindler ◽  
Frank S. Labella ◽  
Madhu Sanwal
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
Neurosecretory Cell ◽  
Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Lactic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Complete Separation ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Electron Microscopic

Subcellular fractions of the bovine posterior pituitary, including one composed almost exclusively of pinched-off nerve endings (neurosecretosomes), were characterized electron microscopically, hormonally, and enzymically. 15% of the nerve terminals in the gland were isolated as neurosecretosomes, as estimated from determinations of lactic dehydrogenase, a soluble, cytoplasmic enzyme. Neurosecretosomes were subdivided into three fractions by density-gradient centrifugation. The three subfractions, each shown to be nearly homogeneous populations of neurosecretosomes by means of electron microscopic and enzymic criteria, differed from each other in their vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT) ratios. The VP/OT ratio increased from the lightest to the densest fraction, indicating that VP is localized to denser and OT to lighter neurosecretosomes; similar results have been obtained previously for subfractions of neurosecretory granules (NSG). No morphological differences were apparent in neurosecretosomes among the three subfractions. Although complete separation of VP and OT was not achieved, the findings suggest that VP and OT are each stored in a different species of nerve ending and support the hypothesis that a given neurosecretory cell synthesizes, stores, and secretes only one of the peptide hormones. Microvesicles, 40–80 mµ diameter and contained in typical neurosecretory cell terminals, are believed to be degradation products of membrane ghosts of depleted NSG; electron micrographs indicative of this transformation are presented. A fraction rich in microvesicles, but containing some NSG membranes, was prepared by density-gradient centrifugation of an osmolysate of neurosecretosomes. Smaller, apparently nonneurosecretory nerve endings, lacking NSG but filled with small vesicles, are occasionally seen in sections from whole gland. The vesicles in these atypical posterior pituitary nerve endings may be true neurohumor-containing, "synaptic" vesicles.

scholarly journals Electron Microscopic Study on Nerve Endings in the Sinus Node of the Heart

1973 ◽  
Vol 85 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 535-539
Author(s):  
Nagayasu OTSUKA ◽  
Tamotsu ISOBE ◽  
Miwako NEGAYAMA ◽  
Shigeto KANDA
Keyword(s):  
Microscopic Study ◽  
Electron Microscopic Study ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Electron Microscopic

scholarly journals Structural organization of the ileum of laboratory animals in normal and in a comparative view aspect

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-77
Author(s):  
M.I. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Diffuse Endocrine System

In recent decades, diseases of the digestive system that require immediate, both therapeutic and surgical treatment, have become widespread, and it is therefore a natural task to find new and optimize existing technologies and methods for correcting the above-mentioned nosologies. Preclinical studies of such developments are conducted exclusively on laboratory animals and knowledge of the morphological features of their structure for further comparison with the morphology of similar human organs is an urgent task of modern medical and biological science. The purpose of the study was to study the structural organization of the ileum of rabbits in comparative species and to obtain control data on its morphological features. Adequate research methods were used in the work according to the set goal, namely: histological, histochemical, electron microscopic, morphometric and statistical and biopsies of the ileum of 10 rabbits were studied. The correctness of the distribution of traits by each of the variations obtained, the average values for each trait studied, standard errors and standard deviations were evaluated. The significance of the difference of values between independent micrometric values in the normal distribution of features was determined by Student’s criterion. The paper describes the main structural components of the ileum of rabbits and compared with similar structures of the human ileum. The ileum of rabbits, as in humans, has been determined to have four membranes: mucous, submucosal, muscular and serous. The mucous membrane is constructed from the epithelial layer, which is located on the basement membrane and the muscular plate and contains cellular elements (exocrinocytes, enterocytes of various kinds, elements of the diffuse endocrine system associated with the mucous membrane, intraepithelial lymphocytes), blood and lymphatic vessels and nerve endings. The submucosa is composed of loose fibrous connective tissue, which contains collagen and reticular fibers, elements of diffuse lymphoid tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. The muscular and serous membranes are constructed in the same way as in the human ileum. Thus, after the study, it was determined that the morphological organization of the ileum of rabbits at the optical and electron microscopic levels has general patterns of structure similar to those in the ileum of the person.

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