The distribution of sequences complementary to human satellite DNAs I, II and IV in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Chromosoma ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Gosden ◽  
A. R. Mitchell ◽  
H. N. Seuanez ◽  
Christine M. Gosden
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Pongo Pygmaeus ◽  
Satellite Dnas ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Orang Utan

The location of DNA homologous to human satellite III DNA in the chromosomes of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orang utan (Pongo pygmaeus)

Chromosoma ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Mitchell ◽  
H. N. Seuanez ◽  
Sandra S. Lawrie ◽  
D. E. Martin ◽  
J. R. Gosden
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Pongo Pygmaeus ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Orang Utan

scholarly journals Hardly habitual: chimpanzees and gorillas show flexibility in their motor responses when presented with a causally-clear task

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L. Jacobson ◽  
Lydia M. Hopper
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Gorilla Gorilla Gorilla ◽  
Motor Responses ◽  
Causal Understanding ◽  
Action Sequences ◽  
Western Lowland Gorillas

In contrast to reports of wild primates, studies of captive primates’ flexibility often reveal conservatism: individuals are unable to switch to new and more efficient strategies when task demands change. We propose that such conservatism might be a result of task design and hypothesize that conservatism might be linked to primates’ lack of causal understanding in relation to experimental apparatuses. We investigated if chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) would show greater flexibility when presented with a causally-clear task. We presented six chimpanzees and seven gorillas with a clear tube from which they had to remove straws to release a reward. To first evaluate the apes’ causal understanding, we recorded the efficiency with which the apes solved the task (i.e., whether they only removed straws below the reward, ignoring redundant ones above it). To further explore how they solved the task, we also recorded the order in which they removed the straws, which allowed us to determine if habitual action sequences emerged. All apes spontaneously solved the task in their first trial and across repeated trials the majority of their solutions were efficient (median = 90.9%), demonstrating their understanding of the puzzle. There was individual variation in the consistency of straw removal patterns exhibited by the apes, but no ape developed an exclusive habit in the order with which they removed the straws, further indicating their causal understanding of the task. Next, we presented the apes with a new configuration of the same task that required the apes to remove fewer straws to obtain the reward. All apes switched to a more efficient straw removal sequence even though their previously-successful, but now less-efficient, solution remained available. We theorize that because the apes understood the causality of the task, they did not form habits and were not conservative.

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