On the development of the spinal cord of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

1982 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Thors ◽  
E. J. M. Kort ◽  
R. Nieuwenhuys
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Clawed Frog

On the development of the spinal cord of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

1982 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Thors ◽  
E. J. M. Kort ◽  
R. Nieuwenhuys
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Clawed Frog

Retinoic acid as a chemoattractant for cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.D. Rand ◽  
G.E. Spencer ◽  
R.L. Carlone
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Retinoic Acid ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Neurite Outgrowth ◽  
Growth Cone ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Spinal Cord Neurons ◽  
African Clawed Frog ◽  
Embryonic Spinal Cord ◽  
Clawed Frog

Retinoic acid (RA), an active metabolite of vitamin A, is important for neural development and regeneration and can induce neurite outgrowth. It may also act as a guidance molecule by attracting neurite processes during outgrowth. In the African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802)), RA has been shown to play an important role in the development of the anterior–posterior axis. However, whether RA can act as a trophic or tropic molecule on embryonic neurons of this species has not been determined. In this study, we investigated the effects of two retinoid isomers, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cisRA), on cultured embryonic spinal cord neurons of X. laevis. Both isomers significantly enhanced neurite outgrowth compared with the vehicle control. In addition, atRA induced growth cone turning, which was blocked with a retinoic acid receptor (RAR) antagonist, selective for the β receptor subtype. Immunostaining also revealed RAR immunoreactivity in the neurites and growth cones of these cells. Interestingly, the 9-cisRA isomer also induced significant growth cone turning and this response was inhibited by a retinoid X receptor (RXR) pan-antagonist. Overall, we have provided evidence for both trophic and chemotropic actions of two naturally occurring retinoid isomers on Xenopus embryonic spinal cord neurons in culture.

Androgen-induced plasticity at a “vocal” neuromuscular synapse

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Darcy B. Kelley ◽  
Martha L. Tobias ◽  
Mark Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Neuromuscular Synapse ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Intracellular Protein ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Androgen Action ◽  
Clawed Frog

Brain and muscle are sexually differentiated tissues in which masculinization is controlled by the secretion of androgens from the testes. Sensitivity to androgen is conferred by the expression of an intracellular protein, the androgen receptor. A central problem of sexual differentiation is thus to understand the cellular and molecular basis of androgen action. We do not understand how hormone occupancy of a receptor translates into an alteration in the developmental program of the target cell. Our studies on sexual differentiation of brain and muscle in Xenopus laevis are designed to explore the molecular basis of androgen induced sexual differentiation by examining how this hormone controls the masculinization of brain and muscle targets.Our approach to this problem has focused on a highly androgen sensitive, sexually dimorphic neuromuscular system: laryngeal muscles and motor neurons of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. We have been studying sex differences at a synapse, the laryngeal neuromuscular junction, which mediates sexually dimorphic vocal behavior in Xenopus laevis frogs.

A functional scaffold of CNS neurons for the vertebrates: The developing Xenopus laevis spinal cord

2012 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Roberts ◽  
Wen-Chang Li ◽  
Stephen R. Soffe
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Cns Neurons

Expression of carnosine-like immunoreactivity during retinal development in the clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco SassoèPognetto ◽  
Patrizia Panzanelli ◽  
Aldo Fasolo ◽  
Dario Cantino
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Retinal Development ◽  
Clawed Frog

scholarly journals Developmental changes of purinergic control of intestinal motor activity during metamorphosis in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (5) ◽  
pp. R1916-R1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Sundqvist
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Disulfonic Acid ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
African Clawed Frog ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Clawed Frog

Little is known about the purinergic regulation of intestinal motor activity in amphibians. Purinergic control of intestinal motility is subject to changes during development in mammals. The aim of this study was to investigate purinergic control of intestinal smooth muscle in the amphibian Xenopus laevis and explore possible changes in this system during the developmental phase of metamorphosis. Effects of purinergic compounds on mean force and contraction frequency in intestinal circular muscle strips from prometamorphic, metamorphic, and juvenile animals were investigated. Before metamorphosis, low concentrations of ATP reduced motor activity, whereas the effects were reversed at higher concentrations. ATP-induced relaxation was not inhibited by the P2-receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-disulfonic acid (PPADS) but was blocked by the ecto-nucleotidase inhibitor 6- N, N-diethyl-d-β,γ-dibromomethylene ATP ( ARL67256 ), indicating that an ATP-derived metabolite mediated the relaxation response at this stage. Adenosine induced relaxation before, during, and after metamorphosis, which was blocked by the A1-receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX). The stable ATP-analog adenosine 5′-[γ-thio]-triphosphate (ATPγS) and 2-methylthioATP (2-MeSATP) elicited contractions in the circular muscle strips in prometamorphic tadpoles. However, in juvenile froglets, 2-MeSATP caused relaxation, as did ATPγS at low concentrations. The P2Y11/P2X1-receptor antagonist NF157 antagonized the ATPγS-induced relaxation. The P2X-preferring agonist α-β-methyleneadenosine 5′-triphosphate (α-β-MeATP) evoked PPADS-sensitive increases in mean force at all stages investigated. This study demonstrates the existence of an adenosine A1-like receptor mediating relaxation and a P2X-like receptor mediating contraction in the X. laevis gut before, during, and after metamorphosis. Furthermore, the development of a P2Y11-like receptor-mediated relaxation during metamorphosis is shown.

scholarly journals Developmental changes in oxygen consumption regulation in larvae of the South African clawed frog Xenopus laevis

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (12) ◽  
pp. 2465-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hastings ◽  
W Burggren
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
South African ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Aerobic Metabolism ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
Clawed Frog

Well-developed larval Xenopus laevis (NF stages 58­66) are oxygen regulators, at least during mild hypoxia. When and how they change from oxygen conformers (the presumed condition of the fertilized egg) to oxygen regulators is unknown. Also unknown is how anaerobic metabolic capabilities change during development, especially in response to acute hypoxia, and to what extent, if any, anaerobiosis is used to supplement aerobic metabolism. Consequently, we have investigated resting rates of oxygen consumption (M.O2) and concentrations of whole-body lactate (lactic acid) during development in normoxia and in response to acute hypoxia in Xenopus laevis. M.O2 increased in an episodic, non-linear fashion during development. Resting, normoxic M.O2 increased about tenfold (to approximately 0.20 µmol g-1 h-1) between NF stages 1­39 and 40­44, and then another tenfold between NF stages 45­48 and 49­51 (to approximately 2.0 µmol g-1 h-1), remaining at about 2 µmol g-1 h-1 for the remainder of larval development. M.O2 reached its highest level in newly metamorphosed frogs (nearly 4 µmol g-1 h-1), before decreasing to about 1.0 µmol g-1 h-1 in large adults. X. laevis embryos and larvae up to NF stage 54­57 were oxygen conformers when exposed to variable levels of acute hypoxia. The only exception was NF stage 45­48 (external gills present yet body mass still very small), which showed some capability of oxygen regulation. All larvae older than stage 54­57 and adults were oxygen regulators and had the lowest values of Pcrit (the oxygen partial pressure at which M.O2 begins to decline). Whole-body lactate concentration in normoxia was about 1 µmol g-1 for all larval groups, rising to about 12 µmol g-1 in adults. Concentrations of lactic acid in NF stages 1­51 were unaffected by even severe ambient hypoxia. However, whole-body lactate levels in NF stages 52­66 increased in response to severe hypoxia, indicating that some anaerobic metabolism was being used to supplement diminishing aerobic metabolism. The largest increases in concentration of lactate occurred in late larvae and adults.

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