The in-planta induced ecp2 gene of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is not essential for pathogenicity

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Marmeisse ◽  
Guido F. J. M. Van den Ackerveken ◽  
Theo Goosen ◽  
Pierre J. G. M. De Wit ◽  
Henk W. J. Van den Broek
Keyword(s):  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Pathogen

scholarly journals Starvation-Induced Genes of the Tomato Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum Are Also Induced During Growth In Planta

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1106-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Coleman ◽  
Beatrice Henricot ◽  
Jose Arnau ◽  
Richard P. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Cdna Library ◽  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Induced Genes ◽  
Tomato Pathogen

The pathogenicity of fungal pathogens is presumably dependent on genes that are expressed during infection. In order to isolate such genes from the tomato pathogen Cla-dosporium fulvum, and to test the hypothesis that starvation-induced genes are also plant induced, a cDNA library was prepared from mycelia grown in a defined medium and then transferred to a starvation medium. The library was then screened with cDNA probes prepared from starved and replete fungal mycelium. Five unique, differentially expressed cDNAs were isolated from 1,000 clones screened. Northern (RNA) hybridization confirmed that all five were starvation induced. Interestingly, all five were also found to be plant induced. The identity of two of the clones was indicated by partial DNA sequencing as alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase. The observed correlation between starvation induction and plant induction is discussed.

scholarly journals Specific hypersensitive response-associated recognition of new apoplastic effectors fromCladosporium fulvumin wild tomato

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl H. Mesarich ◽  
Bilal Ökmen ◽  
Hanna Rovenich ◽  
Scott A. Griffiths ◽  
Changchun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Antimicrobial Proteins ◽  
Wild Tomato ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Leaf Apoplast ◽  
Tomato Leaf Mould

ABSTRACTTomato leaf mould disease is caused by the biotrophic fungusCladosporium fulvum. During infection,C. fulvumproduces extracellular small secreted protein (SSP) effectors that function to promote colonization of the leaf apoplast. Resistance to the disease is governed byCfimmune receptor genes that encode receptor-like proteins (RLPs). These RLPs recognize specific SSP effectors to initiate a hypersensitive response (HR) that renders the pathogen avirulent.C. fulvumstrains capable of overcoming one or more of all clonedCfgenes have now emerged. To combat these strains, newCfgenes are required. An effectoromics approach was employed to identify wild tomato accessions carrying newCfgenes. Proteomics and transcriptome sequencing were first used to identify 70 apoplasticin planta-inducedC. fulvumSSPs. Based on sequence homology, 61 of these SSPs were novel or lacked known functional domains. Seven, however, had predicted structural homology to antimicrobial proteins, suggesting a possible role in mediating antagonistic microbe−microbe interactionsin planta. Wild tomato accessions were then screened for HR-associated recognition of 41 SSPs using thePotato virus X-based transient expression system. Nine SSPs were recognized by one or more accessions, suggesting that these plants carry newCfgenes available for incorporation into cultivated tomato.

scholarly journals Secondary Metabolism and Biotrophic Lifestyle in the Tomato Pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e85877 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Collemare ◽  
Scott Griffiths ◽  
Yuichiro Iida ◽  
Mansoor Karimi Jashni ◽  
Evy Battaglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Tomato Pathogen

Nitrogen limitation induces expression of the avirulence gene avr9 in the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum

1994 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. F. J. M. Van den Ackerveken ◽  
R. M. Dunn ◽  
A. J. Cozijnsen ◽  
J. P. M. J. Vossen ◽  
H. W. J. Van den Broek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Limitation ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Tomato Pathogen

scholarly journals Alcohol Oxidase Is a Novel Pathogenicity Factor for Cladosporium fulvum, but Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Is Dispensable

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Segers ◽  
N. Bradshaw ◽  
D. Archer ◽  
K. Blissett ◽  
R. P. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Hansenula Polymorpha ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Alcohol Oxidase ◽  
Carbon Starvation ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Pathogenicity Factor ◽  
Fungal Genes

Cladosporium fulvum is a mitosporic ascomycete pathogen of tomato. A study of fungal genes expressed during carbon starvation in vitro identified several genes that were up regulated during growth in planta. These included genes predicted to encode acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh1) and alcohol oxidase (Aox1). An Aldh1 deletion mutant was constructed. This mutant lacked all detectable ALDH activity, had lost the ability to grow with ethanol as a carbon source, but was unaffected in pathogenicity. Aox1 expression was induced by carbon starvation and during the later stages of infection. The alcohol oxidase enzyme activity has broadly similar properties (Km values, substrate specificity, pH, and heat stability) to yeast enzymes. Antibodies raised to Hansenula polymorpha alcohol oxi-dase (AOX) detected antigens in Western blots of starved C. fulvum mycelium and infected plant material. Antigen reacting with the antibodies was localized to organelles resembling peroxisomes in starved mycelium and infected plants. Disruption mutants of Aox1 lacked detectable AOX activity and had markedly reduced pathogenicity as assayed by two different measures of fungal growth. These results identify alcohol oxidase as a novel pathogenicity factor and are discussed in relation to peroxisomal metabolism of fungal pathogens during growth in planta.

Investigating the role of polyols in Cladosporium fulvum during growth under hyper-osmotic stress and in planta

Planta ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 216 (4) ◽  
pp. 614-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Clark ◽  
Kerry J. Blissett ◽  
Richard P. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
In Planta

scholarly journals Heterologous Expression of Septoria lycopersici Tomatinase in Cladosporium fulvum: Effects on Compatible and Incompatible Interactions with Tomato Seedlings

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Melton ◽  
Lynda M. Flegg ◽  
James K. M. Brown ◽  
Richard P. Oliver ◽  
Michael J. Daniels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterologous Expression ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Septoria Lycopersici ◽  
Tomato Pathogen ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Incompatible Interactions

The anti-fungal, steroidal, glycoalkaloid saponin, α-tomatine, is present in uninfected tomato plants in substantial concentrations, and may contribute to the protection of tomato plants against attack by phytopathogenic fungi. In general, successful fungal pathogens of tomato are more resistant to α-tomatine in vitro than fungi that do not infect this plant. For a number of tomato pathogens, this resistance has been associated with the ability to detoxify α-tomatine through the action of enzymes known as tomatinases. In contrast, the biotrophic tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum is sensitive to α-tomatine and is unable to detoxify this saponin. This paper describes the effects of heterologous expression of the cDNA encoding tomatinase from the necrotroph Septoria lycopersici in two different physiological races of C. fulvum. Tomatinase-producing C. fulvum transformants showed increased sporulation on cotyledons of susceptible tomato lines. They also caused more extensive infection of seedlings of resistant tomato lines. Thus, α-tomatine may contribute to the ability of tomato to restrict the growth of C. fulvum in both compatible and incompatible interactions.

scholarly journals Additional Resistance Gene(s) Against Cladosporium fulvum Present on the Cf-9 Introgression Segment Are Associated with Strong PR Protein Accumulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Laugé ◽  
Alexander P. Dmitriev ◽  
Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten ◽  
Pierre J. G. M. De Wit
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Avirulence Gene ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Tomato Pathogen ◽  
Or Genes ◽  
Introgression Segment ◽  
Weak Resistance

The existence of a gene or genes conferring weak resistance against the fungal tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, in addition to the Cf-9 resistance gene, present on the Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Cf-9 segment introgressed into L. esculentum, was demonstrated with strains of C. fulvum lacking a functional Avr9 avirulence gene and tomato genotypes lacking a functional Cf-9 gene, respectively. Two mutant strains, obtained by disruption of Avr9 in race 4 and race 5 of C. fulvum, do not trigger the hypersensitive response-mediated resistance on MM-Cf9 genotypes that is normally induced after recognition of the AVR9 elicitor. However, when these strains are inoculated onto MM-Cf0 and MM-Cf9 genotypes, adult MM-Cf9 plants still show weak resistance. This resistance is not related to the Cf-9 gene, as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-generated Cf-9 mutants retained weak resistance. Growth of the fungus in the leaf mesophyll is strongly inhibited, whereas re-emergence of fungal mycelium and conidiation are poor. Strong accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins and early leaf chlorosis are associated with this phenotype of weak resistance. A search among natural strains lacking the Avr9 gene revealed that one strain is able to overcome this weak resistance. Possible mechanisms underlying this weak resistance are discussed. The presence of the additional weak resistance gene(s) could explain why the resistance of Cf9 genotypes has not been overcome so far in practice.

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