Linoleic acid ? The nematicidal principle of several nematophagous fungi and its production in trap-forming submerged cultures

1993 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Stadler ◽  
Heidrun Anke ◽  
Olov Sterner
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Submerged Cultures

Secondary metabolites with nematicidal and antimicrobial activity from nematophagous fungi and Ascomycetes

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 932-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Anke ◽  
M. Stadler ◽  
A. Mayer ◽  
O. Sterner
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Nematophagous Fungi ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Daldinia Concentrica ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolites ◽  
Natural Nematicides ◽  
Arthrobotrys Conoides ◽  
New Metabolites

Screening of nematode-trapping fungi for antimicrobial and nematicidal activities gave three new antimicrobial metabolites from cultures of five Arthrobotrys strains. The compounds exhibited no nematicidal activities towards Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne incognita. From trap-forming submerged cultures of Arthrobotrys conoides, linoleic acid was isolated as a nematicidal principle. Its production increased with the number of traps formed in both Arthrobotrys oligospora and Arthrobotrys conoides. Nematoctonus robustus and Nematoctonus concurrens produced pleurotin, dihydropleurotinic acid, and leucopleurotin, metabolites previously isolated from cultures of Hohenbuehelia species, suggesting that the same biosynthetic pathways function in both the teleomorph and anamorph. Several strains of Ascomycetes had nematicidal activities; linoleic acid was responsible for the activity in cultures of a Chlorosplenium species, 14-epicochlioquinone B in cultures of Neobulgaria pura, and two naphthalenes derived from the melanin biosynthetic pathway in Daldinia concentrica. 5-Pentyl-2-furaldehyde, previously known as a metabolite from a Basidiomycete, was produced by an unidentified Australian Ascomycete. More than 30 mostly new metabolites have been isolated from cultures of Lachnum papyraceum, many being chlorinated. Under different conditions the fungus incorporated bromine instead of chlorine. Key words: nematophagous fungi, natural nematicides, linoleic acid, chlorinated secondary metabolites.

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: I. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 847-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Leegwater ◽  
C. G. Youngs ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer ◽  
B. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Submerged Cultures

The production of neutral lipids and phospholipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum, as well as the fatty acid composition of these two fractions, was studied as a function of time. The bulk of the neutral lipids was produced after 2 days when the organism appeared to be in a non-proliferative phase. The major fatty acids of the neutral lipids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (23–35% each); stearic acid was a minor component (8–13%); myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic acid were present in small amounts (0.5–4.8%). The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was linoleic acid (55–70%); palmitic (15–19%), stearic (1.8–4.6%), and oleic (7–19%) acid were minor components; myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic (0–2.3%) were present in small amounts. Linolenic acid was a major fatty acid (26–30%) only in the early stages of growth.A preliminary investigation was carried out with a 4-day-old culture to establish the identity of the various components of the neutral lipids and phospholipids. The neutral lipids were mainly triglycerides (92%). Small amounts of ergosterol esters (1%), free fatty acids (< 1%), ergosterol (1.7%), and unidentified non-saponifiable compounds were also present. The phospholipids contained phosphatidyl choline (59%) as the major component; phosphatidyl ethanolamine (26%), phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid (7.8%), and an inositol containing phospholipid were minor components.Some of the techniques applied were specially developed for the present type of studies and are described in detail.

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: I. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF NEUTRAL LIPIDS AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS AS A FUNCTION OF TIME

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 847-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Leegwater ◽  
C. G. Youngs ◽  
J. F. T. Spencer ◽  
B. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Major Fatty Acid ◽  
Submerged Cultures

The production of neutral lipids and phospholipids by submerged cultures of the mushroom Tricholoma nudum, as well as the fatty acid composition of these two fractions, was studied as a function of time. The bulk of the neutral lipids was produced after 2 days when the organism appeared to be in a non-proliferative phase. The major fatty acids of the neutral lipids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid (23–35% each); stearic acid was a minor component (8–13%); myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic acid were present in small amounts (0.5–4.8%). The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was linoleic acid (55–70%); palmitic (15–19%), stearic (1.8–4.6%), and oleic (7–19%) acid were minor components; myristic, palmitoleic, and linolenic (0–2.3%) were present in small amounts. Linolenic acid was a major fatty acid (26–30%) only in the early stages of growth.A preliminary investigation was carried out with a 4-day-old culture to establish the identity of the various components of the neutral lipids and phospholipids. The neutral lipids were mainly triglycerides (92%). Small amounts of ergosterol esters (1%), free fatty acids (< 1%), ergosterol (1.7%), and unidentified non-saponifiable compounds were also present. The phospholipids contained phosphatidyl choline (59%) as the major component; phosphatidyl ethanolamine (26%), phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidic acid (7.8%), and an inositol containing phospholipid were minor components.Some of the techniques applied were specially developed for the present type of studies and are described in detail.

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: II. STUDIES WITH UNIFORMLY LABELLED GLUCOSE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Leegwater ◽  
B. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Tricholoma nudum mycelium, grown in a medium with a low nitrogen content, was adapted to a basal medium containing glucose and incubated with glucose-U-C14for 25 hours. The time – specific activity relations of the major fatty acids produced were determined for both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids. The results confirm a previous finding that in the phospholipids of T. nudum linoleic acid becomes labelled under the conditions used at almost the same rate as palmitic, stearic, or oleic acid, but that in the neutral lipids the specific activity of this acid initially lags considerably behind those of the latter three. It is postulated that this phenomenon is due to a difference in the relative sizes of the linoleic acid pools involved in the synthesis of the two lipid fractions. Only part of the material used for the formation of the fatty acids is derived directly from the substrate, the remainder apparently being provided by material already present in the mycelium. The various results, together with those of earlier workers, are critically evaluated, and it is concluded that the order in which fatty acids are labelled in tracer studies with intact cells is determined to a large extent by the conditions of the experiment and does not necessarily provide information on possible product–precursor relations.

INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: II. STUDIES WITH UNIFORMLY LABELLED GLUCOSE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Leegwater ◽  
B. M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Lipid Fractions ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Tricholoma nudum mycelium, grown in a medium with a low nitrogen content, was adapted to a basal medium containing glucose and incubated with glucose-U-C14for 25 hours. The time – specific activity relations of the major fatty acids produced were determined for both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids. The results confirm a previous finding that in the phospholipids of T. nudum linoleic acid becomes labelled under the conditions used at almost the same rate as palmitic, stearic, or oleic acid, but that in the neutral lipids the specific activity of this acid initially lags considerably behind those of the latter three. It is postulated that this phenomenon is due to a difference in the relative sizes of the linoleic acid pools involved in the synthesis of the two lipid fractions. Only part of the material used for the formation of the fatty acids is derived directly from the substrate, the remainder apparently being provided by material already present in the mycelium. The various results, together with those of earlier workers, are critically evaluated, and it is concluded that the order in which fatty acids are labelled in tracer studies with intact cells is determined to a large extent by the conditions of the experiment and does not necessarily provide information on possible product–precursor relations.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes a Marked Increase in Liver α-Tocopherol and Liver α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein in C57BL/6 J Mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Min Chao ◽  
Wan-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Chun-Huei Liao ◽  
Huey-Mei Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transfer Protein ◽  
And Control

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for the positional and geometric isomers of a conjugated diene of linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6). The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether levels of hepatic α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP), and antioxidant enzymes in mice were affected by a CLA-supplemented diet. C57BL/6 J mice were divided into the CLA and control groups, which were fed, respectively, a 5 % fat diet with or without 1 g/100 g of CLA (1:1 mixture of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12) for four weeks. α-Tocopherol levels in plasma and liver were significantly higher in the CLA group than in the control group. Liver α-TTP levels were also significantly increased in the CLA group, the α-TTP/β-actin ratio being 2.5-fold higher than that in control mice (p<0.01). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly decreased in the CLA group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences between the two groups in levels of three antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase). The accumulation of liver α-tocopherol seen with the CLA diet can be attributed to the antioxidant potential of CLA and the ability of α-TTP induction. The lack of changes in antioxidant enzyme protein levels and the reduced lipid peroxidation in the liver of CLA mice are due to α-tocopherol accumulation.

α-Linoleic acid enhances the capacity of α1-antitrypsin to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β in human blood neutrophils

Pneumologie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Aggarwal ◽  
S Wrenger ◽  
V Grau ◽  
T Welte ◽  
S Janciauskiene
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Blood ◽  
Blood Neutrophils
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