Decrementing expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex

1988 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Manabe ◽  
K. Ezure
Keyword(s):  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons

Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: An HRP study in the cat

1987 ◽  
Vol 258 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Otake ◽  
Hiroshi Sasaki ◽  
Hajime Mannen ◽  
Kazuhisa Ezure
Keyword(s):  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons

Morphological characteristics of augmenting expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. S20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyoshi Otake ◽  
Hiroshi Sasaki ◽  
Hajime Mannen ◽  
Kazuhisa Ezure ◽  
Motomu Manabe
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons

scholarly journals Inhibitory control of active expiration by the Bötzinger complex in rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine C. Flor ◽  
William H. Barnett ◽  
Marlusa Karlen-Amarante ◽  
Yaroslav Molkov ◽  
Daniel B. Zoccal
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Inhibitory Circuitry ◽  
Respiratory Network ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons ◽  
Parafacial Respiratory Group ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pharmacological Manipulations ◽  
Sustained Hypoxia

ABSTRACTThe expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex (BötC) provide inhibitory inputs to the respiratory network, which, during eupnea, are critically important for respiratory phase transition and duration control. Herein, we investigated how the BötC neurons interact with the expiratory oscillator located in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG) and control the abdominal activity during active expiration. Using the decerebrated, arterially perfused in situ rat preparations, we recorded the neuronal activity and performed pharmacological manipulations of the BötC and pFRG during hypercapnia or after the exposure to short-term sustained hypoxia – conditions that generate active expiration. The experimental data were integrated in a mathematical model to gain new insights in the inhibitory connectome within the respiratory central pattern generator. Our results reveal a complex inhibitory circuitry within the BötC that provides inhibitory inputs to the pFRG thus restraining abdominal activity under resting conditions and contributing to abdominal expiratory pattern formation during active expiration.

scholarly journals Respiratory responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone microinjected into the rabbit medulla oblongata

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (5) ◽  
pp. R1331-R1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Mutolo ◽  
Fulvia Bongianni ◽  
Marco Carfì ◽  
Tito Pantaleo
Keyword(s):  
Area Postrema ◽  
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Dorsal Respiratory Group ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
First Time ◽  
Respiratory Responses

We investigated the respiratory role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) input to medullary structures involved in the control of breathing in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rabbits. Microinjections (10–20 nl) of 1 or 10 mM TRH were performed in different regions of the ventral respiratory group (VRG), namely the rostral expiratory portion or Bötzinger complex (Böt. c.), the inspiratory portion, the transition zone between these two neuronal pools, and the caudal expiratory component. TRH microinjections were also performed in the dorsal respiratory group (DRG) and the area postrema (AP). Injection sites were localized by using stereotaxic coordinates and extracellular recordings of neuronal activity; their locations were confirmed by subsequent histological control. TRH microinjections in the Böt. c. and the directly caudally located region where a mix of inspiratory and expiratory neurons were encountered elicited depressant respiratory responses. TRH microinjections were completely ineffective at sites within the inspiratory and the caudal expiratory components of the VRG. TRH microinjections in either the DRG or the AP induced excitatory effects on inspiratory activity. The results show for the first time that TRH may exert inhibitory influences on respiration at medullary levels by acting on rostral expiratory neurons and that not only the DRG, as previously suggested, but also the AP may mediate TRH-induced excitatory effects on respiration.

Pre-Botzinger complex in the cat

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1452-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. W. Schwarzacher ◽  
J. C. Smith ◽  
D. W. Richter
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Membrane Depolarization ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Respiratory Neurons ◽  
Spike Discharge ◽  
Inspiratory Phase ◽  
Inspiratory Neurons ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons

1. Patterns of respiratory neuronal activity were examined in pentobarbitone anesthetized adult cats in a circumscribed area of the ventrolateral medulla, which has previously been defined as the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BOTC) from electrophysiological and morphological criteria in the brain stem-spinal cord preparation of the neonatal rat. The pre-BOTC has been proposed to play a critical role in respiratory rhythm generation in mammals, but electrophysiological properties of the region have not been thoroughly characterized in the adult brain stem in vivo. 2. From intra- and extracellular recordings, we verified the existence of a well-defined zone with a distinct profile of neuronal activity between the rostral Botzinger complex containing expiratory neurons and the more caudal medullary pool of inspiratory neurons of the ventral respiratory group (VRG) in the para-ambigual region. This zone corresponds to the pre-BOTC. It was characterized by a concentration of the various types of respiratory neurons, particularly those proposed to be involved in respiratory phase transitions, including neurons discharging immediately before the onset of inspiratory phase activity (pre-inspiratory neurons), early-inspiratory, and postinspiratory neurons. The majority of these neurons were presumed interneurons because they were not antidromically activated by spinal cord or cranial nerve stimulation. 3. The locus of the pre-BOTC corresponded histologically to the rostral part of the nucleus ambiguus and ventrolateral reticular formation. It was located caudal to the retrofacial nucleus and rostral to the lateral reticular nucleus, extending 3.0-3.5 mm rostral to the obex, and 3.2-4.0 mm lateral from the midline. This location was homologous to that established in the neonatal rat. 4. Pre-inspiratory neurons (pre-I neurons) were specifically found in the pre-BOTC. Intracellular recordings from these neurons revealed two types of activity patterns. Type 1 of pre-I neurons exhibited a steady membrane depolarization during expiration and a steep membrane depolarization with a high-frequency burst of action-potential discharge during the phase transition from expiration to inspiration. This was followed by a decline of depolarization and spike discharge during the remainder of the inspiratory phase. A second type of pre-I neurons exhibited a secondary graded membrane depolarization and burst discharge during the late-inspiratory period. 5. Synaptic events were examined in other respiratory neurons during the 40-160 ms preceding the onset of phrenic nerve activity when pre-I neurons exhibited peak spike discharge. Early-inspiratory, throughout-respiratory, and postinspiratory neurons were disinhibited during this period, whereas stage-2 expiratory neurons exhibited a decrease in spike activity and repolarization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Discharge patterns of Bötzinger complex neurons during cough in the cat

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (4) ◽  
pp. R1015-R1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fulvia Bongianni ◽  
Donatella Mutolo ◽  
Giovanni A. Fontana ◽  
Tito Pantaleo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Tracheobronchial Tree ◽  
Tracheal Pressure ◽  
Bötzinger Complex ◽  
Expiratory Neurons ◽  
Excitatory Responses ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Spontaneously Breathing

This study was carried out on pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats to address the hypothesis that Bötzinger complex (BötC) neurons are involved in the production of the cough motor pattern induced by mechanical stimulation of the tracheobronchial tree. Phrenic nerve and abdominal muscle activities as well as intratracheal pressure were monitored; single-unit extracellular recordings from BötC neurons ( n = 87) were performed. The majority of augmenting expiratory (E-Aug) neurons encountered ( n = 47) displayed excitatory responses during the expulsive phases of coughing in parallel with the main components of the abdominal bursts and the corresponding increases in tracheal pressure. We also encountered E-Aug neurons markedly depressed up to complete inhibition during coughing ( n = 14) as well as E-Aug neurons assuming a decremental pattern without any increase or even with some reduction in their peak activity ( n = 15). During the expiratory thrusts, most decrementing expiratory neurons ( n = 7) presented excitatory responses, whereas others were depressed ( n = 3) or completely inhibited ( n = 1). The results are consistent with the view that these neurons are involved in the generation of the cough motor pattern and, in particular, that some BötC E-Aug neurons convey excitatory drive to caudal expiratory neurons and, hence, to expiratory motoneurons.

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