DNA synthesis and cytoplasmic differentiation in tapetal cells of normal and cytoplasmically male sterile lines of Petunia hybrida

1987 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 846-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. C. Liu ◽  
K. Jones ◽  
H. G. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Differentiation

A comparative light and electron microscopic study of microsporogenesis in male-fertile and cytoplasmic male-sterile pepper (Capsicum annuum)

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry T. Horner Jr. ◽  
Milton A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Anther Development ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Male Sterile Line ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tetrad Stage ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterile ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Fertile Line ◽  
Pollen Stage ◽  
Further Development

In the male-fertile line of pepper, microsporogenesis and pollen development are normal. During meiosis, the meiocytes become encased in callose and a locular cavity forms. A rudimentary pollen wall, preceded by primexine deposition, is formed at the tetrad stage around the microspores before their release from the callose. The tapetum remains peripheral in the locule until the vacuolate pollen stage when it disappears. The sporogenous cells of the cytoplasmic male-sterile line complete meiosis, and the callose-encased microspores also deposit a primexine. Further development of the microspores is arrested. Before and during meiosis the tapetal cells become highly vacuolate and remain appressed to the meiocytes; a locular cavity is not formed. After primexine deposition, the tetrads of microspores, which are still encased in callose, seem to collapse as they are encroached upon by the vacuolate tapetum. After abortion of the microspores the outer tapetal layer degenerates, followed by the inner tapetal layer. The aborted mass late in anther development consists of crushed microspore tetrads, primary walls of the sporogenous cells and tapetum, callose, and the collapsed tapetum. The manner of abortion in pepper is compared with previously described mechanisms.

Comparison of anther development in genic male-sterile (ms10) and in male-fertile corn (Zea mays) from light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Cheng ◽  
R. I. Greyson ◽  
D. B. Walden
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Starch Accumulation ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Anther Ontogeny ◽  
Microspore Stage ◽  
Pollen Stage

Anther ontogeny of a genic male-sterile mutant (ms 10/ms 10) and a related fertile cultivar of Zea was studied from the primordial stage through to tassel maturity. From material glutaraldehyde–formalin fixed, OsO4 postfixed, and plastic embedded, light microscopy of 0.7-μm sections revealed no developmental differences between the two until the young microspore stage. Vacuolation or cytoplasmic disintegration of tapetal cells was detected in male-sterile anthers at this stage. Disintegration of microspores was not detected until the intermediate microspore stage. By the young pollen stage, tapetal cells were highly disorganized and degeneration of the middle layer and endothecium was apparent. No endothecial wall thickenings developed in male-sterile anthers.In normal anther development in Zea, endothecial thickenings are found only at the anterior and posterior ends of the anther. A highly ridged anther cuticle, which is essentially absent in male-sterile anthers, is a common feature of fertile flowers. Anther dehiscence involves a separation of the epidermis from the underlying parenchyma of the connective to form a large pollen cavity from the two microsporangial locules. This process does not involve endothecial fibrous wall thickenings as they are not present over the bulk of the anther. Formation of the anterior pore is a separate process which involves changes in the endothecium wall thickenings.During normal anther development starch accumulates in the endothecium and epidermis at the precallose stage and disappears during the young microspore stage. No differences were noted in the male-sterile anthers. During the formation of normal pollen, considerable starch accumulation is evident. However, none is deposited at this late stage in the male-sterile anther.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification of GH3 Genes in Brassica Oleracea and Identification of a Promoter Region for Anther-Specific Expression of a GH3 Gene

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hankuil Yi ◽  
Jiseong Jeong ◽  
Sunhee Park ◽  
Jeong Hui Im
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Oleracea ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Floral Abscission

Abstract Background:The Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) genes encode acyl acid amido synthetases, many of which have been shown to modulate the amount of active plant hormones or their precursors. GH3 genes, especially Group Ⅲ subgroup 6 GH3 genes, and their expression patterns in economically important kale-type Brassica oleracea have not been systematically identified. Results:As a first step to understand regulation and molecular functions of Group Ⅲ subgroup 6 GH3 genes, thirty-four GH3 genes including four subgroup 6 genes were identified In B. oleracea var. oleracea, using TO1000. Synteny found around subgroup 6 GH3 genes in TO1000 and Arabidopsis indicated that these genes are evolutionarily related. Although expression of four subgroup 6 GH3 genes in TO1000 is not induced by auxin, gibberellic acid, and jasmonic acid, the genes show different organ-dependent expression patterns. Only one TO1000 subgroup 6 GH3 gene, Bo2g011210, is expressed in anthers when microspores, polarized microspores, and bicellular pollens are present, similar to two out of four syntenic Arabidopsis subgroup 6 GH3 genes. Detailed analyses of promoter activities of Bo2g011210 further showed that Bo2g011210 is expressed in tapetal cells and pollens in anther, and also expressed in leaf primordia and floral abscission zones. Conclusions:Sixty-two base pair (bp) region (-340 ~ -279 bp upstream from start codon) and about 450 bp region (-1489 to -1017 bp) in Bo2g011210 promoter were found to be important for expressions in anther and expressions in leaf primordia and floral abscission zones, respectively. The identified anther-specific promoter region will be useful to develop male sterile transgenic Brassica plants.

scholarly journals Floral Competence of Primocane-fruiting Blackberries Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim Grown at Three Temperature Regimens

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele A. Stanton ◽  
Joseph C. Scheerens ◽  
Richard C. Funt ◽  
John R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Increased Temperature ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Pollen Germinability ◽  
Chamber Temperature ◽  
Useful Life

We investigated the responses of staminate and pistillate floral components of Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim primocane-fruiting blackberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson) to three different growth chamber temperature regimens, 35.0/23.9 °C (HT), 29.4/18.3 °C (MT), and 23.9/12.8 °C (LT). Temperature was negatively related to flower size, and morphologically abnormal floral structures were evident in 41% and 98% of the MT- and HT-grown plants, respectively. Anthers of LT- and MT-grown plants dehisced. The viability of pollen (as deduced through staining) from Prime-Jan grown at LT or MT exceeded 70%, whereas that of Prime-Jim pollen was significantly reduced (<40%) by the MT regimen. In vitro pollen germinability (typically <50%) was negatively influenced by temperature but was unaffected by cultivar. Pollen useful life was diminished under HT conditions; LT-grown pollen held at 23.9 °C retained 63% of its original germinability over a 32-h period, while the germinability of that held at 35.0 °C for 16 hours decreased by 97%. Virtually all flowers cultured under HT conditions were male sterile, exhibiting structural or sporogenous class abnormalities including petaloidy and malformation of tapetal cells or microspores; HT anthers that were present, failed to dehisce. Stigma receptivity, pistil density, and drupelet set were also negatively influenced by increased temperature; values for these parameters of floral competency among control plants were reduced by 51%, 39%, and 76%, respectively, in flowers cultured under HT conditions. In this study, flowering and fruiting parameters, and presumably the yield potential of Prime-Jan and Prime-Jim, were adversely affected by increased temperature. However, their adaptive response to heat stress under field conditions awaits assessment.

LM, TEM AND SEM OBSERVATIONS OF ANTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THE GENIC MALE-STERILE (ms 9) MUTANT OF CORN ZEA MAYS

1980 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Greyson ◽  
D. B. Walden ◽  
P. C. Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Early Failure ◽  
Thin Walls ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Tapetal Cells ◽  
Pollen Stage ◽  
Stage Viii

The cytological development of the anther of the genic male-sterile ms 9/ms 9 of Zea mays L. was studied with the light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Anther development in this mutant is indistinguishable from that in normal fertile material until the late Pre-Callose (Stage IIb) condition. At this stage, both at the LM level and in TEM views, the cytolysomes of PMCs and tapetum reveal densely staining bodies (DSBs) which frequently appear to surround portions of cytoplasm. These DSBs are double membrane bounded and frequently associated with ER. PMC degeneration begins prior to meiosis though tapetal cells remain intact until the equivalent of the Near Mature Pollen Stage (VIII). Tapetal cells of ms 9/ms 9 material, following mitosis, frequently develop thin walls between the two nuclei. We conclude that the DSBs represent a class of lysosome called autophagic vacuoles or cytolosomes. It is not clear whether they are elaborated directly in response to the mutant allele or perhaps represent a cytological response to genetically based abnormal biochemistry. Despite the early failure of PMCs and tapetal cells, epidermal cells of ms 9/ms 9 anthers develop cuticular ridges quite similar to those formed on normal fertile anthers.

Cytoplasmic differentiation using near-isonuclear polycytoplasmic male sterile lines in pearl millet

Euphytica ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 67 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Virk ◽  
J. S. Brar ◽  
B. K. Mangat
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Cytoplasmic Differentiation

Characterization of DNA synthesis and chloroplast DNA replication initiation in a Petunia hybrida chloroplast lysate system

1987 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. de Haas ◽  
Ad J. Kool ◽  
Nico Overbeeke ◽  
Wieger van Brug ◽  
H. John ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Replication ◽  
Dna Synthesis ◽  
Chloroplast Dna ◽  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Replication Initiation ◽  
Dna Replication Initiation ◽  
Chloroplast Dna Replication
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