Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat 15. Comparison of the projection from excitatory C3-C4 propriospinal neurones to different species of forelimb motoneurones

Abstract BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the motor pathways during epilepsy surgery is essential to safely achieve maximal resection of the epileptogenic zone. Motor evoked potential (MEP) recording is usually performed intermittently during resection using a handheld stimulator or continuously through an electrode array placed on the motor cortex. We present a novel variation of continuous MEP acquisition through previously implanted depth electrodes in the perirolandic cortex. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 60-yr-old woman with a history of a left frontal meningioma (World Health Organization [WHO] grade II) treated with surgical resection and radiation presented with residual right hemiparesis and refractory epilepsy. Imaging demonstrated a perirolandic lesion with surrounding edema and mass effect in the prior surgical site, suspicious for radiation necrosis versus tumor recurrence. Presurgical electrocorticography (ECoG) with orthogonal, stereotactically implanted depth electrodes (stereoelectroencephalography [SEEG]) of the perirolandic cortex captured seizure onsets from the supplementary motor area (SMA) and primary motor cortex (PMC). The patient underwent a left frontal craniotomy for repeat resection and tissue diagnosis. Intraoperative ECoG and MEPs were obtained continuously with direct cortical stimulation through the indwelling SEEG electrodes in the PMC. Maximal resection was achieved with preservation of direct cortical MEPs and without deterioration of her baseline hemiparesis. Biopsy revealed radiation necrosis. At 30-mo follow-up, the patient had only rare seizures (Engel class IIB). CONCLUSION Intraoperative cortical MEP acquisition through implanted SEEG electrode arrays is a potentially safe and effective alternative approach to continuously monitor the motor pathways during the resection of a perirolandic epileptogenic lesion, without the need for surgical interruptions.

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Cerebellar rTMS and PAS effectively induce cerebellar plasticity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82496-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Martje G. Pauly ◽

Annika Steinmeier ◽

Christina Bolte ◽

Feline Hamami ◽

Elinor Tzvi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Cortex ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Primary Motor Cortex ◽

Cortical Excitability ◽

Motor Evoked Potentials ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Premotor Cortex ◽

Motor Pathways ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Cerebellar Plasticity

AbstractNon-invasive brain stimulation techniques including repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS), paired associative stimulation (PAS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been applied over the cerebellum to induce plasticity and gain insights into the interaction of the cerebellum with neo-cortical structures including the motor cortex. We compared the effects of 1 Hz rTMS, cTBS, PAS and tDCS given over the cerebellum on motor cortical excitability and interactions between the cerebellum and dorsal premotor cortex / primary motor cortex in two within subject designs in healthy controls. In experiment 1, rTMS, cTBS, PAS, and tDCS were applied over the cerebellum in 20 healthy subjects. In experiment 2, rTMS and PAS were compared to sham conditions in another group of 20 healthy subjects. In experiment 1, PAS reduced cortical excitability determined by motor evoked potentials (MEP) amplitudes, whereas rTMS increased motor thresholds and facilitated dorsal premotor-motor and cerebellum-motor cortex interactions. TDCS and cTBS had no significant effects. In experiment 2, MEP amplitudes increased after rTMS and motor thresholds following PAS. Analysis of all participants who received rTMS and PAS showed that MEP amplitudes were reduced after PAS and increased following rTMS. rTMS also caused facilitation of dorsal premotor-motor cortex and cerebellum-motor cortex interactions. In summary, cerebellar 1 Hz rTMS and PAS can effectively induce plasticity in cerebello-(premotor)-motor pathways provided larger samples are studied.

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Ipsilateral Motor Pathways and Transcallosal Inhibition During Lower Limb Movement After Stroke

Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair ◽

10.1177/1545968321999049 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 154596832199904

Author(s):

Brice T. Cleland ◽

Sangeetha Madhavan

Keyword(s):

Lower Limb ◽

Functional Outcomes ◽

Motor Pathways ◽

Movement Accuracy ◽

Transcallosal Inhibition ◽

Paretic Limb ◽

Bilateral Lower Limb ◽

Ankle Movement ◽

Lower Limb Movement ◽

Clinical Measures

Background Stroke rehabilitation may be improved with a better understanding of the contribution of ipsilateral motor pathways to the paretic limb and alterations in transcallosal inhibition. Few studies have evaluated these factors during dynamic, bilateral lower limb movements, and it is unclear whether they relate to functional outcomes. Objective Determine if lower limb ipsilateral excitability and transcallosal inhibition after stroke depend on target limb, task, or number of limbs involved, and whether these factors are related to clinical measures. Methods In 29 individuals with stroke, ipsilateral and contralateral responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation were measured in the paretic and nonparetic tibialis anterior during dynamic (unilateral or bilateral ankle dorsiflexion/plantarflexion) and isometric (unilateral dorsiflexion) conditions. Relative ipsilateral excitability and transcallosal inhibition were assessed. Fugl-Meyer, ankle movement accuracy, and walking characteristics were assessed. Results Relative ipsilateral excitability was greater during dynamic than isometric conditions in the paretic limb ( P ≤ .02) and greater in the paretic than the nonparetic limb during dynamic conditions ( P ≤ .004). Transcallosal inhibition was greater in the ipsilesional than contralesional hemisphere ( P = .002) and during dynamic than isometric conditions ( P = .03). Greater ipsilesional transcallosal inhibition was correlated with better ankle movement accuracy ( R2 = 0.18, P = .04). Greater contralateral excitability to the nonparetic limb was correlated with improved walking symmetry ( R2 = 0.19, P = .03). Conclusions Ipsilateral pathways have increased excitability to the paretic limb, particularly during dynamic tasks. Transcallosal inhibition is greater in the ipsilesional than contralesional hemisphere and during dynamic than isometric tasks. Ipsilateral pathways and transcallosal inhibition may influence walking asymmetry and ankle movement accuracy.

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Subcortical mapping and monitoring during insular tumor surgery

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/2009.8.focus09140 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. E5 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Theodoros Kombos ◽

Olaf Süss ◽

Peter Vajkoczy

Keyword(s):

False Negative ◽

Electrical Stimulus ◽

Morbidity Rate ◽

Stimulus Compound ◽

Motor Pathways ◽

Negative Results ◽

Quantitative Monitoring ◽

False Negative Results ◽

Subcortical Stimulation ◽

Subcortical Mapping

Object The treatment of insular tumors is controversial. Surgical treatment is associated with a higher morbidity rate than other therapies. The present work presents a new method in which the descending motor pathways are monitored during surgery for insular tumors. Methods Intraoperative monitoring was performed in a combination of 2 techniques. The motor cortex was stimulated with a transcranial electrical stimulus. In addition, direct subcortical stimulation was performed with an electrical anodal monopolar stimulus. Compound motor action potentials (CMAPs) were recorded from target muscles. Results Fifteen patients were included in this preliminary study. Following transcranial stimulation, CMAPs were recorded in all cases. Subcortical stimulation was successful in 12 cases. Significant CMAP alterations were recorded in 5 patients. There were no false-negative results in the series. Conclusions The technique presented here is a safe method. It allows a quantitative monitoring of motor function and functional mapping of the pyramidal tract during insular surgery.

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Enhanced Fiber Tractography Using Edema Correction: Application and Evaluation in High-Grade Gliomas

Neurosurgery ◽

10.1093/neuros/nyab129 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fraser Henderson Jr ◽

Drew Parker ◽

Anupa A Vijayakumari ◽

Mark Elliott ◽

Timothy Lucas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Resonance ◽

Diffusion Tensor ◽

Free Water ◽

High Grade Glioma ◽

Fiber Tracking ◽

High Grade ◽

Peritumoral Edema ◽

Fiber Tractography ◽

Motor Pathways

Abstract BACKGROUND A limitation of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based tractography is peritumoral edema that confounds traditional diffusion-based magnetic resonance metrics. OBJECTIVE To augment fiber-tracking through peritumoral regions by performing novel edema correction on clinically feasible DTI acquisitions and assess the accuracy of the fiber-tracks using intraoperative stimulation mapping (ISM), task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activation maps, and postoperative follow-up as reference standards. METHODS Edema correction, using our bi-compartment free water modeling algorithm (FERNET), was performed on clinically acquired DTI data from a cohort of 10 patients presenting with suspected high-grade glioma and peritumoral edema in proximity to and/or infiltrating language or motor pathways. Deterministic fiber-tracking was then performed on the corrected and uncorrected DTI to identify tracts pertaining to the eloquent region involved (language or motor). Tracking results were compared visually and quantitatively using mean fiber count, voxel count, and mean fiber length. The tracts through the edematous region were verified based on overlay with the corresponding motor or language task-based fMRI activation maps and intraoperative ISM points, as well as at time points after surgery when peritumoral edema had subsided. RESULTS Volume and number of fibers increased with application of edema correction; concordantly, mean fractional anisotropy decreased. Overlay with functional activation maps and ISM-verified eloquence of the increased fibers. Comparison with postsurgical follow-up scans with lower edema further confirmed the accuracy of the tracts. CONCLUSION This method of edema correction can be applied to standard clinical DTI to improve visualization of motor and language tracts in patients with glioma-associated peritumoral edema.

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