Express-saccades of the monkey: Effect of daily training on probability of occurrence and reaction time

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Fischer ◽  
R. Boch ◽  
E. Ramsperger
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence ◽  
Daily Training

scholarly journals Reaction time as a function of the intensity and probability of occurrence of vibrotactile signals

1969 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Gescheider ◽  
John H. Wright ◽  
Barry J. Weber ◽  
Bruce M. Kirchner ◽  
Eric A. Milligan
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Probability Of Occurrence

scholarly journals Differential effect of value and salience on saccadic reaction times

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shams-Ahmar ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Reward Expectancy ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTExpress saccades, a mode of visually guided saccades, distinguished from regular saccades by extremely short reaction times, are triggered by inserting a temporal gap between the fixation dot and the saccade target. It is usually assumed that they are produced by a specific pathway in which the superior colliculus plays a key role. Whether and how this pathway deals with information on the subjective value of a saccade target is unknown. We, therefore, studied the influence of varying reward expectancies and compared it with the impact of the presence and absence of a temporal gap between the disappearance of the fixation dot and the appearance of the target on the visually guided saccades of two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We observed that the introduction of a gap shifted the entire saccadic reaction time distribution to shorter latencies while increasing the probability of express saccades. On the other hand, promoting the monkey’s reward expectancy shortened reaction times and increased peak velocities of regular saccades, and increased the probability of express saccades. Importantly, we observed that the reaction time and peak velocity of express saccades were not sensitive to the value of the saccade target, suggesting that the express pathway does not have access to information on value. We propose a new model on express saccades that treats the salience of visual objects in the scene differently from the subjective value assigned to them.

On the Generation of Antisaccades in Different Conditions

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
B Fischer ◽  
H Weber
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Attention Capture ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
The Right ◽  
Direction Opposite ◽  
Stimulus Site ◽  
Fixation System

To generate a saccade in the direction opposite to the stimulus site (antisaccade) takes a conscious voluntary effort: first, one needs an intact fixation system to prevent saccades to the stimulus (prosaccades) and second, one has to generate a saccade to a location with no target. While the maintenance of fixation relies on an intact tectum, the correct performance of the antitask relies on an intact frontal system. Valid peripheral precues for attention capture indicating the direction of the antisaccade increase the error rate and the reaction time of the antisaccades. In this study we investigated how different conditions of stimulus presentation influence the performance of the antitask. We varied systematically the duration of the gap (time between fixation point offset and stimulus onset) from zero to 600 ms, and the stimulus eccentricity from 1 to 12 deg. Eye movements were recorded under infrared light. We analysed the reaction time of the correct antisaccades (a-srt) and of the erratic prosaccades (p-srt), and the percentage of errors (%-err) separately for the right and the left stimulus. Increasing the gap to 200 ms increased the %-err by 10% and decreased the a-srt by 30 ms. For longer gap durations these effects disappeared. With larger saccades the p-err rates decreased and the p-srt were reduced by 10 ms mostly staying in the range of express saccades and following the corresponding prosaccades in protasks. The a-srt decreased systematically with increasing eccentricity. The results have implications for voluntary versus involuntary control of saccades and are related to the significance of the antitask in clinical studies.

Sensitivity of express saccades to the expected value of the target

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shams-Ahmar ◽  
Peter Thier
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Distribution ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Distribution ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Express Saccades ◽  
Reward Expectancy ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
The Impact

Express saccades, a distinct fast mode of visually guided saccades, are probably underpinned by a specific pathway that is at least partially different from the one underlying regular saccades. Whether and how this pathway deals with information on the subjective value of a saccade target is unknown. We studied the influence of varying reward expectancies and compared it with the impact of a temporal gap between the disappearance of the fixation dot and the appearance of the target on the visually guided saccades of two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We found that increasing reward expectancy increased the probability and decreased the reaction time of express saccades. The latter influence was stronger in the later parts of the reaction time distribution of express saccades, satisfactorily captured by a linear shift model of change in the saccadic reaction time distribution. Although different in strength, increasing reward expectancy and inserting a temporal gap resulted in similar effects on saccadic reaction times, suggesting that these two factors summon the same mechanism to facilitate saccadic reaction times.

REACTION TIME AND INTELLIGENCE

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Neçka
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time

Modeling Within-Person Variance in Reaction Time Data of Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Daniel Zimprich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Wave

In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance in another reaction time task were used to explain individual differences in the WP variance. To account for larger variances due to slower reaction times, we also used the average of the predicted individual reaction time (RT) as a predictor for the WP variability. Here, the WP variability was a function of the mean. At the same time, older participants were more variable and those with better performance in another RT task were more consistent in their responses.

The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Michael Niedeggen ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Guido Orgs
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Time Level ◽  
Fast Reactions ◽  
Priming Condition

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

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