Accuracy of self-reports to the burdensome question: survey response and nonresponse error trade-offs

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Keith Warriner
Keyword(s):  
Survey Response ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Nonresponse Error ◽  
Question Survey

scholarly journals Through the Window of My Mind: Mapping Information Integration and the Cognitive Representations Underlying Self-Reported Risk Preference

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D. Steiner ◽  
Florian Ismael Seitz ◽  
Renato Frey
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Risk Preferences ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Cognitive Representations ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Self Reports

A person’s risk preference may determine significant life outcomes (e.g., in finance or health). People are therefore routinely asked to report their risk preferences in various scientific and applied contexts, yet still little is known concerning the cognitive underpinnings of this judgment-formation process. We ran two studies (N = 250, and N = 150 in a retest) implementing the process-tracing method of aspect listing to investigate the information- integration processes underlying people’s self-reports by means of cognitive modeling (RQ1) and to examine people’s cognitive representations of their risk preferences (RQ2). Our analyses indicate that interindividual differ- ences in self-reported risk preferences can be modeled well based on the listed aspects’ properties of evidence, and substantially better than using sociodemographic variables as predictors. Specifically, to render self-reports people appear to integrate the strength of evidence of multiple aspects sam- pled from memory. These aspects—that is, people’s cognitive representation of their risk preferences—mostly referred to the magnitudes of outcomes, and in line with a risk–return perspective, often explicitly referred to trade-offs between positive and negative outcomes. Crucially, within participants the strength of evidence of the listed aspects remained highly stable across the two studies (RQ3), and changes therein were closely related to changes in self-reported risk preference (RQ4). In sum, our findings provide cognitive insights concerning how people render self-reports of their risk preferences, suggest an explanation for the well-documented temporal stability thereof, and thus corroborate the internal validity of this measurement approach.

scholarly journals Leadership for learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Kjell Atle Halvorsen ◽  
Siw Skrøvset ◽  
Eirik Johannes Irgens
Keyword(s):  
School Leadership ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Leadership Education ◽  
Leadership Theories ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
National Leadership ◽  
Improving Student Learning ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Question Survey

Hvordan konseptualiserer deltakere i den norske rektorutdanningen skoleledelse, og hvordan har deres deltakelse i programmet påvirket dem som ledere? Disse spørsmålene drøfter vi i denne artikkelen på grunnlag av data fra en gruppe på 63 studenter. Vi har analysert en av deres mappetekster og svar på et elektronisk spørreskjema med åpne spørsmål. Funnene drøftes i lys av teori om skoleledelse, Mintzbergs (2009) triangulære ledelsesteori og et gradert teorikonsept (Ertsås & Irgens, 2016). Deltakerne konseptualiserer skoleledelse som en kompleks praksis utøvd av kunnskapsrike rollemodeller, hvis lederskap er fokusert og transparent og for-ankret i felles kjerneverdier, med gode relasjoner mellom kolleger og fokus på elevenes læring. Deltakerne påpeker at ulike elementer i rektorutdanningen har påvirket den måten de utøver ledelse på. Kombinasjonen av sterk teori og praktiske øvinger synes å ha vært viktig. Funnene våre står i kontrast til den kritikken som har vært rettet mot utdanning av ledere internasjonalt. Våre analyser bygger på deltakernes selvrapportering. Dette setter grenser for hvilke konklusjoner vi kan trekke. Det er behov for mer forskning på forbindelsen mellom skolelederes uttrykte handlingsteori og den ledelsen de praktiserer.Nøkkelord: skoleledelse, lederutdanning, rektorutdanningenAbstractHow do participants in the National Leadership Education for School Principals conceptualize school leadership, and how has their participation in the program affected them as leaders? These are the questions analyzed in this article, based on data from a student cohort comprising 63 students. We have analyzed one of their portfolio texts and their responses to an electronic open-question survey. Findings are discussed in the light of school leadership theories, Mintzberg's (2009) triangular theory of leadership and a graded concept of theory (Ertsås & Irgens, 2016). Participants conceptualize school leadership as a complex practice exercised by knowledgeable role models, whose leadership is focused and transparent, rooted in common core values, sound working relations, bent on improving student learning. A variety of elements in the program have contributed to developing participant concepts of leadership. The fusion of strong theory and practical experience seems to have played a predominant role. Our findings contrast criticisms of management education programs in the international literature. Our analyses are based on participant self-reports, which restricts the scope of our conclusions. There is a need for further research on the links between leaders’ espoused conceptualizations of leadership and their actual leadership practice.Keywords: school leadership, leadership education, National leadership education for school leaders 

Moral Universalism: Measurement and Economic Relevance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Enke ◽  
Ricardo Rodríguez-Padilla ◽  
Florian Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Level ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Educational Investments ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Study Heterogeneity ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Moral Universalism ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Large Representative

Many applied economic settings involve trade-offs between in-group members and strangers. To better understand decision making in these contexts, this paper measures and investigates the economic relevance of heterogeneity in moral universalism: the extent to which people exhibit the same level of altruism and trust toward strangers as toward in-group members. We first introduce a new experimentally validated, survey-based measure of moral universalism that is simple and easily scalable. We then deploy this tool in a large, representative sample of the U.S. population to study heterogeneity and economic relevance. We find that universalism is a relatively stable trait at the individual level. In exploratory analyses, heterogeneity in universalism is significantly related to observables: Older people, men, the rich, the rural, and the religious exhibit less universalist preferences and beliefs. Linking variation in universalism to self-reports of economic and social behaviors, we document the following correlations. Universalists donate less money locally, but more globally, and are less likely to exhibit home bias in equity and educational investments. In terms of social networks, universalists have fewer friends, spend less time with them, and feel more lonely. These results provide a blueprint for measuring moral universalism in applied settings and suggest that variation in universalism is relevant for understanding a myriad of economic behaviors. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.

Novel players fine-tune plant trade-offs

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 83-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selena Gimenez-Ibanez ◽  
Marta Boter ◽  
Roberto Solano
Keyword(s):  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
26S Proteasome ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Jaz Proteins ◽  
Regulatory Feedback Loop ◽  
Fine Tune

Jasmonates (JAs) are essential signalling molecules that co-ordinate the plant response to biotic and abiotic challenges, as well as co-ordinating several developmental processes. Huge progress has been made over the last decade in understanding the components and mechanisms that govern JA perception and signalling. The bioactive form of the hormone, (+)-7-iso-jasmonyl-l-isoleucine (JA-Ile), is perceived by the COI1–JAZ co-receptor complex. JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins also act as direct repressors of transcriptional activators such as MYC2. In the emerging picture of JA-Ile perception and signalling, COI1 operates as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ repressors for degradation by the 26S proteasome, thereby derepressing transcription factors such as MYC2, which in turn activate JA-Ile-dependent transcriptional reprogramming. It is noteworthy that MYCs and different spliced variants of the JAZ proteins are involved in a negative regulatory feedback loop, which suggests a model that rapidly turns the transcriptional JA-Ile responses on and off and thereby avoids a detrimental overactivation of the pathway. This chapter highlights the most recent advances in our understanding of JA-Ile signalling, focusing on the latest repertoire of new targets of JAZ proteins to control different sets of JA-Ile-mediated responses, novel mechanisms of negative regulation of JA-Ile signalling, and hormonal cross-talk at the molecular level that ultimately determines plant adaptability and survival.

Teen Girls' Self-Reports of Abstinence Unreliable

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
SUSAN LONDON
Keyword(s):  
Self Reports

The Psychology of Survey Response

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Tourangeau ◽  
Lance J. Rips ◽  
Kenneth Rasinski
Keyword(s):  
Survey Response

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

Assessment of health related issues in individuals’, couples’, and families’ daily life

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meinrad Perrez ◽  
Michael Reicherts ◽  
Yves Hänggi ◽  
Andrea B. Horn ◽  
Gisela Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Lower Variability

Abstract. Most research in health psychology is based on retrospective self reports, which are distorted by recall biases and have low ecological validity. To overcome such limitations we developed computer assisted diary approaches to assess health related behaviours in individuals’, couples’ and families’ daily life. The event- and time-sampling-based instruments serve to assess appraisals of the current situation, feelings of physical discomfort, current emotional states, conflict and emotion regulation in daily life. They have proved sufficient reliability and validity in the context of individual, couple and family research with respect to issues like emotion regulation and health. As examples: Regarding symptom reporting curvilinear pattern of frequencies over the day could be identified by parents and adolescents; or psychological well-being is associated with lower variability in basic affect dimensions. In addition, we report on preventive studies to improve parental skills and enhance their empathic competences towards their baby, and towards their partner.

Skin Conductance and Subjective Arousal in Anxiety, Depression, and Comorbidity

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laina E. Rosebrock ◽  
Denada Hoxha ◽  
Catherine Norris ◽  
John T. Cacioppo ◽  
Jackie K. Gollan
Keyword(s):  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Autonomic Arousal ◽  
Emotional Picture ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Picture Viewing ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Subjective Arousal ◽  
Healthy Participants

Abstract. Skin conductance (SC), an autonomic arousal measure of the sympathetic nervous system, is a sensitive and useful index of physiological arousal. However, SC data does not always align with self-reports of arousal. SC, self-reported arousal, and their association, known as emotion coherence, may be altered with the presence of major psychiatric illness. This study investigated group differences on SC reactivity and self-reported arousal while viewing positive, negative, neutral, and threat images between participants diagnosed with major depression with and without anxiety disorders relative to a healthy comparison group. Additionally, the strength and direction of association between SC reactivity and arousal ratings (emotion coherence) was examined within groups. Unmedicated participants were recruited via online and paper advertisements around Chicago and categorized into one of four groups (Depressed: n = 35, Anxious: n = 44, Comorbid: n = 38, Healthy: n = 29). SC and affect ratings were collected during and after a standardized emotional picture viewing task. SC reactivity was significantly higher during threat images, regardless of group. During threat image presentation, increased SC reactivity occurred during the last few seconds before picture offset; for all other stimulus types, SC reactivity decreased significantly after picture offset. Anxious and comorbid participants rated emotional images as more arousing than healthy participants; there were no observed differences in arousal ratings between depressed and healthy participants. Heightened reactivity in anxiety may manifest in arousal ratings without corresponding increased SC reactivity to emotional images. Results do not suggest underlying altered psychophysiology in this sample of depressed or anxious participants.

The Persnickety Pervasiveness of Rating Enhancement in Personality Assessment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Alicia A. Stachowski ◽  
John T. Kulas
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Psychological Measurement ◽  
Shared Sets ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Original Target ◽  
Target Profile ◽  
Do So ◽  
Normative Influences

Abstract. The current paper explores whether self and observer reports of personality are properly viewed through a contrasting lens (as opposed to a more consonant framework). Specifically, we challenge the assumption that self-reports are more susceptible to certain forms of response bias than are informant reports. We do so by examining whether selves and observers are similarly or differently drawn to socially desirable and/or normative influences in personality assessment. Targets rated their own personalities and recommended another person to also do so along shared sets of items diversely contaminated with socially desirable content. The recommended informant then invited a third individual to additionally make ratings of the original target. Profile correlations, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and simple patterns of agreement/disagreement consistently converged on a strong normative effect paralleling item desirability, with all three rater types exhibiting a tendency to reject socially undesirable descriptors while also endorsing desirable indicators. These tendencies were, in fact, more prominent for informants than they were for self-raters. In their entirety, our results provide a note of caution regarding the strategy of using non-self informants as a comforting comparative benchmark within psychological measurement applications.

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