The vertical distribution of belowground herbivores plays an important role in determining the performance of an individual plant, but we still do not know the effects of this distribution on plant populations. A grass (Lolium perenne L.) was, therefore, grown at two densities with three vertical distributions of the belowground herbivore Anomala cuprea Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The population yield decreased significantly in the treatments with a herbivore, and decreased most when the herbivore was in the top feeding zone (i.e., the shallowest soil). Plants only died when the herbivore was in the top zone or was free to move within the pot. At low plant density, the biomass of the three largest shoots decreased significantly in the presence of a herbivore, but that of shoots in the fourth and smaller ranks did not. At high plant density, shoot biomass was not significantly affected by herbivory, irrespective of plant size. The standard deviation of shoot size was larger at low densities than at high densities. At low, but not high plant densities, the standard deviation decreased when herbivory occurred in the shallowest soil layer. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that the vertical distribution of a belowground herbivore can markedly affect the size dynamics of a plant population.
Continuous borehole optical televiewing reveals variable englacial debris concentrations at Khumbu Glacier, Nepal