Sex-Based Differences in Multiple Sclerosis (Part I): Biology of Disease Incidence

2015 ◽  
pp. 29-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shannon E. Dunn ◽  
Hyunwoo Lee ◽  
Farzan Rusi Pavri ◽  
Monan Angela Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Incidence

scholarly journals Gut microbiota from multiple sclerosis patients enables spontaneous autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (40) ◽  
pp. 10719-10724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin Berer ◽  
Lisa Ann Gerdes ◽  
Egle Cekanaviciute ◽  
Xiaoming Jia ◽  
Liang Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Transgenic Mouse ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients

There is emerging evidence that the commensal microbiota has a role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a putative autoimmune disease of the CNS. Here, we compared the gut microbial composition of 34 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for MS. While there were no major differences in the overall microbial profiles, we found a significant increase in some taxa such as Akkermansia in untreated MS twins. Furthermore, most notably, when transplanted to a transgenic mouse model of spontaneous brain autoimmunity, MS twin-derived microbiota induced a significantly higher incidence of autoimmunity than the healthy twin-derived microbiota. The microbial profiles of the colonized mice showed a high intraindividual and remarkable temporal stability with several differences, including Sutterella, an organism shown to induce a protective immunoregulatory profile in vitro. Immune cells from mouse recipients of MS-twin samples produced less IL-10 than immune cells from mice colonized with healthy-twin samples. IL-10 may have a regulatory role in spontaneous CNS autoimmunity, as neutralization of the cytokine in mice colonized with healthy-twin fecal samples increased disease incidence. These findings provide evidence that MS-derived microbiota contain factors that precipitate an MS-like autoimmune disease in a transgenic mouse model. They hence encourage the detailed search for protective and pathogenic microbial components in human MS.

scholarly journals Mast Cells Are Essential for Early Onset and Severe Disease in a Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis

2000 ◽  
Vol 191 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia H. Secor ◽  
W. Evan Secor ◽  
Claire-Anne Gutekunst ◽  
Melissa A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Wild Type

In addition to their well characterized role in allergic inflammation, recent data confirm that mast cells play a more extensive role in a variety of immune responses. However, their contribution to autoimmune and neurologic disease processes has not been investigated. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and its human disease counterpart, multiple sclerosis, are considered to be CD4+ T cell–mediated autoimmune diseases affecting the central nervous system. Several lines of indirect evidence suggest that mast cells could also play a role in the pathogenesis of both the human and murine disease. Using a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced model of acute EAE, we show that mast cell–deficient W/Wv mice exhibit significantly reduced disease incidence, delayed disease onset, and decreased mean clinical scores when compared with their wild-type congenic littermates. No differences were observed in MOG-specific T and B cell responses between the two groups, indicating that a global T or B cell defect is not present in W/Wv animals. Reconstitution of the mast cell population in W/Wv mice restores induction of early and severe disease to wild-type levels, suggesting that mast cells are critical for the full manifestation of disease. These data provide a new mechanism for immune destruction in EAE and indicate that mast cells play a broader role in neurologic inflammation.

scholarly journals Age-dependent VDR peak DNA methylation as a mechanism for latitude-dependent multiple sclerosis risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence T. C. Ong ◽  
Stephen D. Schibeci ◽  
Nicole L. Fewings ◽  
David R. Booth ◽  
Grant P. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Mononuclear Phagocytes ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
In Cells

Abstract Background The mechanisms linking UV radiation and vitamin D exposure to the risk of acquiring the latitude and critical period-dependent autoimmune disease, multiple sclerosis, is unclear. We examined the effect of vitamin D on DNA methylation and DNA methylation at vitamin D receptor binding sites in adult and paediatric myeloid cells. This was accomplished through differentiating CD34+ haematopoietic progenitors into CD14+ mononuclear phagocytes, in the presence and absence of calcitriol. Results Few DNA methylation changes occurred in cells treated with calcitriol. However, several VDR-binding sites demonstrated increased DNA methylation in cells of adult origin when compared to cells of paediatric origin. This phenomenon was not observed at other transcription factor binding sites. Genes associated with these sites were enriched for intracellular signalling and cell activation pathways involved in myeloid cell differentiation and adaptive immune system regulation. Conclusion These results suggest vitamin D exposure at critical periods during development may contribute to latitude-related differences in autoimmune disease incidence.

scholarly journals Epidemiological Survey of Multiple Sclerosis in East-Azerbaijan Province, Iran, 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Yousefi ◽  
Samad Shams Vahdati ◽  
Hossein Mazouchian ◽  
Reza Dehghan Hesari
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
North West ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Using Data ◽  
East Azerbaijan

Abstract:Introduction and background: MS as a chronic CNS disease is very prevalent in all around the world. Its epidemiology is different region by region and most of geographical and environmental factors may play a role in its incidence. To analyze demographic characteristics of the disease we designed this study.Methods and Materials: This Survey has been conducted in East-Azerbaijan province, North-West of Iran. Prevalence of the disease has been measured using data of Committee for diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis in 2014. Age, gender and type of the disease also been investigated in this research. Independent T Test, Chi square, Pearson and Fisher exact test used to analyze data.Results: We had 2774 MS patients in 2014. 726 were male (26%) and 2003 were female (73%). Mean age of males was 38±9 and mean age of females was 37.09±9. Mean age in male patients was more than in females significantly (P=0.001). We measured 73.26 prevalence per 100000 populations in East-Azerbaijan.Conclusion: Prevalence of the disease showed significant increase in 5 years compared to previous studies. Because of disease's disabilatating entity more interventional investigations are recommended to perform in preventing disease incidence or improving quality of life of sufferers and increasing their life expectancy. 

Argentine Patagonia: prevalence and clinical features of multiple sclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 656-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
MO Melcon ◽  
L Gold ◽  
A Carrá ◽  
F Cáceres ◽  
J Correale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
World Population ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Argentine Patagonia ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

There are few studies reporting multiple sclerosis prevalence rates in the Buenos Aires region, Argentina (latitude 34°S) (between 12–18.5/100 000 inhabitants), and no studies have been performed in the larger region between parallels 36° and 55°S. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence rates and clinical features of multiple sclerosis in residents of the Argentine Patagonia. Four cities from the region were selected for this study, giving a sample population of 417 666 inhabitants (~24% of the total Patagonia population). 1st March 2002 was determined as prevalence day. Patients were ascertained using multiple case-finding methods. The point prevalence rate was 17.2/100 000 (17.2 age-adjusted to the world population). Prevalence rates were higher for women than for men, 22.1 versus 12.2/100 000 inhabitants (21.4 versus 12.7 sex-adjusted to the world population). The study population was mainly of European descent and mestizoes. Clinical features were similar to those reported in other countries. This study shows that Argentine Patagonia is a medium-risk area with no south–north gradient between parallels 55° and 36°S. The Patagonia population shows recent internal migration that makes it difficult to determine whether the exposure to potential risk factors has been long enough to modify the disease incidence.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF PEDIATRIC MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
Е. V. Onegin ◽  
◽  
M. D. Semashko ◽  
V. P. Vdovichenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
English Language ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis

Background. Demyelinating diseases are one of the most pressing and debatable problems in neurology. Despite the emergence of improved diagnostic criteria and new directions in therapy, multiple sclerosis is a leading cause of disability among young patients. According to epidemiological studies, about 3 million people worldwide suffer from multiple sclerosis. At the same time, from 2.7 to 10.5% of all cases of multiple sclerosis worldwide are observed in children under the age of 18, with a tendency towards an increase in the disease incidence. Purpose. To analyze the results of scientific studies of cases of childhood multiple sclerosis. Material and methods. A qualitative analysis of Russian-language and English-language literature sources containing data on cases of childhood multiple sclerosis has been carried out. Results. It has been established that the incidence of multiple sclerosis among pediatric patients is significantly lower in comparison with the adult population. The clinical picture is polymorphic and, in some cases, atypical. Conclusions. Current understanding of the term "pediatric multiple sclerosis" indicates a narrow window of onset with cognitive decline different from adults, combined with a higher number of relapses and more inflammatory lesions compared to adult multiple sclerosis. The polymorphic clinical picture and atypical manifestations of multiple sclerosis in childhood, as well as the debut in the form of a clinically isolated syndrome, can complicate early differential diagnosis and increase the interval from the onset of the disease to the administration of the necessary pharmacotherapy, which can reduce the severity of the course of the disease, the frequency of relapses and increase the interval "debut - disability".

Effect of acid deposition on trichome morphology and dogwood anthracnose biology

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 840-841
Author(s):  
Kyle T. Thornham ◽  
R. Jay Stipes ◽  
Randolph L. Grayson
Keyword(s):  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Tree Disease ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
Discula Destructiva ◽  
Disease Induction ◽  
Dogwood Anthracnose ◽  
Trichome Morphology ◽  
Precipitation Events

Dogwood anthracnose, caused by Discula destructiva (1), is another new catastrophic tree disease that has ravaged natural populations of the flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) in the Appalachians over the past 15 years, and the epidemic is prognosticated to continue (2). An estimated 9.5 million acres have been affected, primarily in the Appalachian Mountains, from VA southwards, alone, and an estimated 50% of all dogwoods in PA have been killed. Since acid deposition has been linked experimentally with disease induction, and since the disease incidence and severity are more pronounced at higher elevations where lower pH precipitation events occur, we investigated the effect of acidic foliar sprays on moiphologic changes in the foliar cuticle and trichomes (3), the initial sites of infection and foci of Discula sporulation.

Microglia-derived macrophages in early multiple sclerosis plaques

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Li ◽  
M. L. Cuzner ◽  
J. Newcombe
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis
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