Sex Differences Precipitating Anorexia Nervosa in Females: The Estrogen Paradox and a Novel Framework for Targeting Sex-Specific Neurocircuits and Behavior

2010 ◽  
pp. 189-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Keating
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
And Behavior

Later life sex differences in sexual psychology and behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 109730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Vance ◽  
Todd K. Shackelford ◽  
Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford ◽  
Mohaned G. Abed
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Later Life ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Baker ◽  
Ning Liu ◽  
Xu Cui ◽  
Pascal Vrticka ◽  
Manish Saggar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Behavioral Signatures ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Researchers from multiple fields have sought to understand how sex moderates human social behavior. While over 50 years of research has revealed differences in cooperation behavior of males and females, the underlying neural correlates of these sex differences have not been explained. A missing and fundamental element of this puzzle is an understanding of how the sex composition of an interacting dyad influences the brain and behavior during cooperation. Using fNIRS-based hyperscanning in 111 same- and mixed-sex dyads, we identified significant behavioral and neural sex-related differences in association with a computer-based cooperation task. Dyads containing at least one male demonstrated significantly higher behavioral performance than female/female dyads. Individual males and females showed significant activation in the right frontopolar and right inferior prefrontal cortices, although this activation was greater in females compared to males. Female/female dyad’s exhibited significant inter-brain coherence within the right temporal cortex, while significant coherence in male/male dyads occurred in the right inferior prefrontal cortex. Significant coherence was not observed in mixed-sex dyads. Finally, for same-sex dyads only, task-related inter-brain coherence was positively correlated with cooperation task performance. Our results highlight multiple important and previously undetected influences of sex on concurrent neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation.

Adrenalectomy of the Pregnant Rat and Behavior of the Offspring

1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Havlena ◽  
Jack Werboff
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Unoperated Control ◽  
Pregnant Rat ◽  
Foster Mothers ◽  
And Behavior

Albino rats were adrenalectomized on either Day 10½ or Day 16½ of gestation. The offspring were reared by foster mothers. At 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 days of age they were evaluated on the open field and timidity box tests. There were no behavioral or adrenal size differences among the offspring of adrenalectomized and sham-operated or unoperated control mothers. Consistent and significant sex differences on all measures were found, with females showing higher activity, greater emotionality, and larger adrenal glands than the males.

scholarly journals Predicting Eating Disorder and Anxiety Symptoms Using Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Polygenic Scores

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Yilmaz ◽  
Katherine Schaumberg ◽  
Matt Halvorsen ◽  
Erica L. Goodman ◽  
Leigh C. Brosof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Polygenic Scores

Clinical, epidemiological, and genetic findings support an overlap between eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and anxiety symptoms. However, little research has examined the role of genetic factors in the expression of eating disorders and OCD/anxiety phenotypes. We examined whether the anorexia nervosa (AN), OCD, or AN/OCD transdiagnostic polygenic scores (PGS) predict eating disorders, OCD, and anxiety symptoms in a large population-based developmental cohort. Using summary statistics files from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Freeze 2 AN and Freeze 1 OCD GWAS, we first conducted an AN/OCD transdiagnostic GWAS meta-analysis and then calculated PGS for AN, OCD, and AN/OCD in participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children with available genetic and phenotype data on eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety diagnoses and symptoms (sample size 3,212-5,369 per phenotype). We observed sex differences in the PGS prediction of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety-related phenotypes, with AN genetic risk manifesting at an earlier age and playing a more prominent role in eating disorder phenotypes in boys than in girls. Compulsive exercise was the only phenotype predicted by all three PGS (e.g., PAN(boys)=0.0141 at age 14; POCD(girls)=0.0070 at age 16; PAN/OCD(all)=0.0297 at age 14). Our results suggest that earlier detection of eating disorder, OCD, and anxiety-related symptoms could be made possible by including measurement of genetic risk for these psychiatric conditions while being mindful of sex differences.

Evolution, Societal Sexism, and Universal Average Sex Differences in Cognition and Behavior

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Shed Light

During the past century, social scientists have documented many cross-cultural sex differences in personality and behavior, quite a few of which now appear to be found in all human societies. However, contrary to most scientists’ expectations, these so-called universal sex differences have been shown to be more pronounced in Western industrial societies than in most non-Western developing societies. This chapter briefly reviews the evidence bearing on these findings and offers a biologically based theory that could help shed light on why cross-cultural sex differences exist. The following hypothesis is offered: The expression of many genes influencing sexually dimorphic traits is more likely among descendants of couples who are least closely related to one another. If so, societies in which out-marriage is normative (i.e., Western industrial countries) will exhibit a stronger expression of genes for sexually dimorphic traits compared to societies in which consanguineal marriages are common.

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