Analysis of Chlorinated Paraffins in Environmental Matrices: The Ultimate Challenge for the Analytical Chemist

2009 ◽  
pp. 83-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregg T. Tomy
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemist ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins

scholarly journals Short-chain chlorinated paraffins in biota – levels and effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Chain Lengths

Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are highly complex technical mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes with carbon-chain lengths from C10-C13 and chlorine content between 49 and 70%. They are produced by chlorination of n-alkanes and do not occur naturally. Because of their physical properties (viscosity, flame resistance) they are used in many different applications, such as lubricant additives, PVC plasticizers and flame retardants in paints, adhesives and sealants. Among the chlorinated paraffin mixtures, SCCPs have the highest potential for release into the environment, because of their higher vapour pressure and water solubility (about 10-100 times higher than for PCBs). SCCPs can reach the environment through production, storage or use, as well as through leeching, runoff and volatilization from contaminated areas. Despite the fact that they are one of the most challenging groups of compounds to quantify and analyze, SCCPs have been detected in biota and humans, as well as a variety of environmental matrices such as sediments and air. SCCPs have also been detected in remote places such as the Arctic (Reth et al., 2006) and dated sediment cores, suggesting long-range atmospheric transport and persistence in the environment. SCCPs have been found to be toxic to aquatic and soil organisms, fish and there is some evidence of carcinogenicity. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and highlights the need for further research in order to improve future monitoring efforts.

scholarly journals The underlying challenges that arise when analysing short-chain chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices

2020 ◽  
Vol 1610 ◽  
pp. 460550 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.M. van Mourik ◽  
R. Lava ◽  
J. O'Brien ◽  
P.E.G. Leonards ◽  
J. de Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Chain ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins

Recent developments in capabilities for analysing chlorinated paraffins in environmental matrices: A review

Chemosphere ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. van Mourik ◽  
Pim E.G. Leonards ◽  
Caroline Gaus ◽  
Jacob de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Recent Developments

Chlorinated Paraffins in Indoor Dust Samples: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 2209-2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Coelhan ◽  
Bettina Hilger
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins

scholarly journals Congener-specific partition properties of chlorinated paraffins evaluated with COSMOtherm and gas chromatographic retention indices

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jort Hammer ◽  
Hidenori Matsukami ◽  
Satoshi Endo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Retention Indices ◽  
Chromatographic Retention ◽  
Linear Free Energy Relationship ◽  
Linear Free Energy ◽  
Chlorinated Paraffins ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices ◽  
High Volume Production ◽  
Volume Production

AbstractChlorinated Paraffins (CPs) are high volume production chemicals and have been found in various organisms including humans and in environmental samples from remote regions. It is thus of great importance to understand the physical–chemical properties of CPs. In this study, gas chromatographic (GC) retention indexes (RIs) of 25 CP congeners were measured on various polar and nonpolar columns to investigate the relationships between the molecular structure and the partition properties. Retention measurements show that analytical standards of individual CPs often contain several stereoisomers. RI values show that chlorination pattern have a large influence on the polarity of CPs. Single Cl substitutions (–CHCl–, –CH2Cl) generally increase polarity of CPs. However, many consecutive –CHCl– units (e.g., 1,2,3,4,5,6-C11Cl6) increase polarity less than expected from the total number of –CHCl– units. Polyparameter linear free energy relationship descriptors show that polarity difference between CP congeners can be explained by the H-bond donating properties of CPs. RI values of CP congeners were predicted using the quantum chemically based prediction tool COSMOthermX. Predicted RI values correlate well with the experimental data (R2, 0.975–0.995), indicating that COSMOthermX can be used to accurately predict the retention of CP congeners on GC columns.

scholarly journals Use of Oxidative Stress Responses to Determine the Efficacy of Inactivation Treatments on Cryptosporidium Oocysts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1463
Author(s):  
Tamirat Tefera Temesgen ◽  
Kristoffer Relling Tysnes ◽  
Lucy Jane Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocyst ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Environmental Matrices ◽  
Oocyst Wall ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts

Cryptosporidium oocysts are known for being very robust, and their prolonged survival in the environment has resulted in outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with the consumption of contaminated water or food. Although inactivation methods used for drinking water treatment, such as UV irradiation, can inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, they are not necessarily suitable for use with other environmental matrices, such as food. In order to identify alternative ways to inactivate Cryptosporidium oocysts, improved methods for viability assessment are needed. Here we describe a proof of concept for a novel approach for determining how effective inactivation treatments are at killing pathogens, such as the parasite Cryptosporidium. RNA sequencing was used to identify potential up-regulated target genes induced by oxidative stress, and a reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) protocol was developed to assess their up-regulation following exposure to different induction treatments. Accordingly, RT-qPCR protocols targeting thioredoxin and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein 7 (COWP7) genes were evaluated on mixtures of viable and inactivated oocysts, and on oocysts subjected to various potential inactivation treatments such as freezing and chlorination. The results from the present proof-of-concept experiments indicate that this could be a useful tool in efforts towards assessing potential technologies for inactivating Cryptosporidium in different environmental matrices. Furthermore, this approach could also be used for similar investigations with other pathogens.

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