Guanosine Protects Glial Cells Against 6-Hydroxydopamine Toxicity

2014 ◽  
pp. 23-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Giuliani ◽  
Patrizia Ballerini ◽  
Silvana Buccella ◽  
Renata Ciccarelli ◽  
Michel P. Rathbone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

The 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration produces microglia-like NG2 glial cells in the rat substantia nigra

Glia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (14) ◽  
pp. 1686-1700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihisa Kitamura ◽  
Masatoshi Inden ◽  
Hideaki Minamino ◽  
Mari Abe ◽  
Kazuyuki Takata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Rat Substantia Nigra

Changes in glial cells of the octopus brain after 6-hydroxydopamine administration

1977 ◽  
Vol 196 (1125) ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Brain Slices ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Preferential Accumulation ◽  
Degenerative Alterations ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Incubation of brain slices from the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris with [ 3 H] noradrenaline, followed by radioautography, showed preferential accumulation of the isotope in glial cells. Evidence that the glial cells also take up catecholamines in vivo was obtained with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Five or more days after injection of 6-OHDA into the blood, glial cells in the median frontal and superior buccal lobes were found to contain masses of osmiophilic inclusions characteristic of degenerating cells, or to have lost many of their processes. No changes in the structure of neurones in these brain lobes were observed at any period up to 15 days after injection. In the optic lobes, however, nerve terminals as well as glial cells showed degenerative alterations.

scholarly journals Activation of Nrf2 in Astrocytes Suppressed PD-Like Phenotypes via Antioxidant and Autophagy Pathways in Rat and Drosophila Models

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1850
Author(s):  
Qing Guo ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Wanli W. Smith ◽  
Yi Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Nrf2 Activation ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Nrf2 Expression

The oxidative-stress-induced impairment of autophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this study, we investigated whether the alteration of Nrf2 in astrocytes protected against 6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine)- and rotenone-induced PD-like phenotypes, using 6-OHDA-induced rat PD and rotenone-induced Drosophila PD models. In the PD rat model, we found that Nrf2 expression was significantly higher in astrocytes than in neurons. CDDO-Me (CDDO methyl ester, an Nrf2 inducer) administration attenuated PD-like neurodegeneration mainly through Nrf2 activation in astrocytes by activating the antioxidant signaling pathway and enhancing autophagy in the substantia nigra and striatum. In the PD Drosophila model, the overexpression of Nrf2 in glial cells displayed more protective effects than such overexpression in neurons. Increased Nrf2 expression in glial cells significantly reduced oxidative stress and enhanced autophagy in the brain tissue. The administration of the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 reduced the neuroprotective effect of Nrf2 through the inhibition of the antioxidant signaling pathway and autophagy pathway. The autophagy inhibitor 3-MA partially reduced the neuroprotective effect of Nrf2 through the inhibition of the autophagy pathway, but not the antioxidant signaling pathway. Moreover, Nrf2 knockdown caused neurodegeneration in flies. Treatment with CDDO-Me attenuated the Nrf2-knockdown-induced degeneration in the flies through the activation of the antioxidant signaling pathway and increased autophagy. An autophagy inducer, rapamycin, partially rescued the neurodegeneration in Nrf2-knockdown Drosophila by enhancing autophagy. Our results indicate that the activation of the Nrf2-linked signaling pathways in glial cells plays an important neuroprotective role in PD models. Our findings not only provide a novel insight into the mechanisms of Nrf2–antioxidant–autophagy signaling, but also provide potential targets for PD interventions.

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on proliferation of glial cells in the rat cortex and striatum: evidence for de-differentiation of resident astrocytes

2010 ◽  
Vol 342 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britta Wachter ◽  
Sonja Schürger ◽  
Jens Rolinger ◽  
Andreas von Ameln-Mayerhofer ◽  
Daniela Berg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Rat Cortex ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine

Effect of 6-hydroxydopamine treatment on kynurenine aminotransferase-I (KAT-I) immunoreactivity of neurons and glial cells in the rat substantia nigra

2006 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Knyihár-Csillik ◽  
Zoltan Chadaide ◽  
András Mihály ◽  
Beata Krisztin-Péva ◽  
Robert Fenyő ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Kynurenine Aminotransferase ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
Rat Substantia Nigra

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

High-voltage electron microscopy of subretinal scar formation

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
G.E. Korte ◽  
M. Marko ◽  
G. Hageman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Sodium Iodate ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron

Sodium iodate iv. damages the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in rabbits. Where RPE does not regenerate (e.g., 1,2) Muller glial cells (MC) forma subretinal scar that replaces RPE. The MC response was studied by HVEM in 3D computer reconstructions of serial thick sections, made using the STEREC0N program (3), and the HVEM at the NYS Dept. of Health in Albany, NY. Tissue was processed for HVEM or immunofluorescence localization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing MG microvilli (4).

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