Adipokines and the Endocrine Role of Adipose Tissues

2015 ◽  
pp. 265-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Giralt ◽  
Rubén Cereijo ◽  
Francesc Villarroya
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissues

scholarly journals Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Kayvan Khoramipour ◽  
Karim Chamari ◽  
Amirhosein Ahmadi Hekmatikar ◽  
Amirhosein Ziyaiyan ◽  
Shima Taherkhani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
Healthy Nutrition

Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions.

scholarly journals Smad2/3 Activation Regulates Smad1/5/8 Signaling via a Negative Feedback Loop to Inhibit 3T3-L1 Adipogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8472
Author(s):  
Senem Aykul ◽  
Jordan Maust ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan ◽  
Monique Floer ◽  
Erik Martinez-Hackert
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Negative Feedback Loop ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Family Growth ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
Adipocyte Hypertrophy ◽  
Adipocyte Development ◽  
Energy Surplus

Adipose tissues (AT) expand in response to energy surplus through adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The latter, also known as adipogenesis, is a process by which multipotent precursors differentiate to form mature adipocytes. This process is directed by developmental cues that include members of the TGF-β family. Our goal here was to elucidate, using the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model, how TGF-β family growth factors and inhibitors regulate adipocyte development. We show that ligands of the Activin and TGF-β families, several ligand traps, and the SMAD1/5/8 signaling inhibitor LDN-193189 profoundly suppressed 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. Strikingly, anti-adipogenic traps and ligands engaged the same mechanism of action involving the simultaneous activation of SMAD2/3 and inhibition of SMAD1/5/8 signaling. This effect was rescued by the SMAD2/3 signaling inhibitor SB-431542. By contrast, although LDN-193189 also suppressed SMAD1/5/8 signaling and adipogenesis, its effect could not be rescued by SB-431542. Collectively, these findings reveal the fundamental role of SMAD1/5/8 for 3T3-L1 adipogenesis, and potentially identify a negative feedback loop that links SMAD2/3 activation with SMAD1/5/8 inhibition in adipogenic precursors.

scholarly journals In Lyl1-/- mice, adipose stem cell vascular niche impairment leads to premature development of fat tissues

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abid Hussain ◽  
Leila El Kebriti ◽  
Virginie Deleuze ◽  
Yaël Glasson ◽  
Nelly Pirot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Fat Tissue ◽  
Adipose Stem Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Vascular Niche ◽  
Vascular Structures ◽  
Deficient Mice ◽  
Vascular Compartment

ABSTRACTLymphoblastic leukemia-derived sequence 1 (Lyl1) encodes a hematopoietic- and endothelial-specific transcriptional factor. Lyl1-deficient mice are viable, but they display mild hematopoietic and vascular defects. Here, we report that young Lyl1-/- mice exhibit transient obesity associated with general expansion of adipose tissues and unrelated to food intake. The increased fat tissue development in Lyl1-/- mice resulted from an earlier adipocyte differentiation of adipose stem cells (ASCs) through non-cell autonomous mechanisms. Specifically, we found that in Lyl1-/- mice, the vascular structures of adipose tissues are unstable, more prone to angiogenesis and, consequently, cannot maintain adipose progenitors in the niche vessel wall. Together, our data show that in Lyl1-/- mice, the impaired vascular compartment of the adipose niche promotes uncontrolled ASC activation and differentiation, leading to early adipocyte expansion and premature depletion of ASCs. Our study highlights the major structural role of the adipose tissue vascular niche in coordinating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation into adipocytes.

scholarly journals A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Atlas of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Cynomolgus Monkeys

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglong Zhang ◽  
Ying Lei ◽  
Oliver Homann ◽  
Marina Stolina ◽  
Songli Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain major global healthcare challenges and developing therapeutics necessitate using nonhuman primate models. Here, we present transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of all the major organs of cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneous obesity or T2D in comparison to healthy controls. Molecular changes occur predominantly in the adipose tissues of individuals with obesity, while extensive expression perturbations among T2D individuals are observed in many tissues, such as the liver, kidney, brain, and heart. Immune response-related pathways are upregulated in obesity and T2D, whereas metabolism and mitochondrial pathways are downregulated. Incorporating human single-cell RNA sequencing findings corroborates the role of macrophages and monocytes in obesity. Moreover, we highlight some potential therapeutic targets including SLC2A1 and PCSK1 in obesity as well as SLC30A8 and SLC2A2 in T2D. Our findings provide insights into tissue-specific molecular foundations of obesity and T2D and reveal the mechanistic links between these two metabolic disorders.

Abstract 450: Monocytic Glutaredoxin 1 Protects Mice Against Obesity, Hyperglycemia and Atherosclerosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Downs ◽  
Sina Tavakoli ◽  
John D Short ◽  
Huynh N Nguyen ◽  
Reto Asmis
Keyword(s):  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Gene Array ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions ◽  
Monocyte Chemotaxis

Overexpression of glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) protects monocytes from metabolic stress-induced priming, i.e. dysregulation and hypersensitization to chemokines (Ullevig et al. ATVB 2012). To address the role of monocytic Grx1 in mice and in the development of atherogenesis and obesity, we transplanted bone marrow (BM) from either wild-type (WT) or Grx1 -/- donor mice into atherosclerosis-prone LDLR -/- mice and fed these mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 20 weeks. Grx1 Leuko -/- mice showed accelerated weight gain after 9 weeks followed by early onset of hyperglycemia. After 6 weeks on HFD, atherosclerotic lesions were slightly larger in Grx1 Leuko -/- mice than in WT mice, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. However, after 20 weeks, Grx1 Leuko -/- mice showed 36% larger lesions than WT-BM recipients, and monocyte chemotaxis in vivo was increased 1.6-fold. Furthermore, compared to WT-BM recipients, adipose tissues and livers of Grx1 Leuko -/- mice also showed increased macrophage content and elevated tissue inflammation as determined by IHC and qRT-PCR-based gene array. Adipose tissue in particular, showed significant increases in the expression of proinflammatory genes in addition to an increased abundance of proinflammatory “crown-like” structures. In contrast, genes associated with inflammation resolving macrophages were significantly suppressed. Macrophages isolated from Grx1 -/- mice and stimulated with INFγ+TNFα also showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory M1-associated genes, whereas M2-associated genes were suppressed in Grx-1 -/- macrophages activated with IL-4. Furthermore, macrophages from Grx1 -/- mice exposed to metabolic stress also display increased protein S -glutathionylation, enhanced hypersensitization to chemokine, and impaired autophagy compared to macrophages from wild-type mice. Taken together, our data show that loss of monocytic Grx1 worsens monocyte priming in response to HFD-induced metabolic stress and accelerates the infiltration of dysfunctional monocyte-derived macrophages into tissues, such as aorta, liver and adipose tissues. We conclude that monocytic Grx1 is critical for maintaining metabolic homeostasis in mice and protects mice against obesity and atherogenesis.

Role of O-GlcNAcylation and endoplasmic reticulum stress on obesity and insulin resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benan Pelin Sermikli ◽  
Gulizar Aydogdu ◽  
Afsar Abbasi Taghidizaj ◽  
Erkan Yilmaz
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Western Blot ◽  
Er Stress ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Serine Phosphorylation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Insulin Resistant

Abstract Background Obesity is a global public health problem. Obesity closely associated with various metabolic diseases such as; insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a critical factor for insulin resistance. O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine (O-GlcNAc); is the post-translational modification which is has a vital role in biological processes; including cell signaling, in response to nutrients, stress and other extracellular stimuli. Materials and methods In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of O-GlcNAc modification in the context of obesity and obesity-associated insulin resistance in adipose tissue. For this purpose, first, the visceral and epididymal adipose tissues of obese and insulin resistant C57BL/6 Lepob/Lepob and wild-type mice were used to determine the O-GlcNAc modification pattern by western blot. Secondly, the external stimulation of O-GlcNAc modification in wild-type mice achieved by intraperitoneal 5 mg/kg/day glucosamine injection every 24 h for 5 days. The effect of increased O-GlcNAc modification on insulin resistance and ER stress investigated in adipose tissues of glucosamine challenged wild-type mice through regulation of the insulin signaling pathway and unfolded protein response (UPR) elements by western blot. In addition to that, the O-GlcNAc status of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS1) investigated in epididymal and visceral adipose tissues of ob/ob, wild-type and glucosamine challenged mice by immunoprecipitation. Results We found that reduced O-GlcNAc levels in visceral and epididymal adipose tissues of obese and insulin-resistant ob/ob mice, although interestingly we observed that increased O-GlcNAc modification in glucosamine challenged wild-type mice resulted in insulin resistance and ER stress. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the IRS1 was modified with O-GlcNAc in visceral and epididymal adipose tissues in both ob/ob mice and glucosamine-injected mice, and was compatible with the serine phosphorylation of this modification. Conclusion Our results suggest that O-GlcNAcylation of proteins is a crucial factor for intracellular trafficking regulates insulin receptor signaling and UPR depending on the cellular state of insulin resistance.

scholarly journals ROLE OF POTASSIUM IN THE LIPOLYTIC HORMONE EFFECT IN RAT ADIPOSE TISSUES

1969 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiichi YOSHIMURA ◽  
Tsutomu HIROSHIGE ◽  
Shinji ITOH
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissues ◽  
Hormone Effect

A possible role of estrone produced in adipose tissues in modulating postmenopausal bone density

Maturitas ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoko Suzuki ◽  
Tetsu Yano ◽  
Naoko Nakazawa ◽  
Hiroyuki Yoshikawa ◽  
Yuji Taketani
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Adipose Tissues
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