scholarly journals Computing MAS Dynamics Considering the Background Load

2006 ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Smołka ◽  
Robert Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Background Load

Effect of background loads on the perception of added loads to breathing

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 1222-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Burdon ◽  
K. J. Killian ◽  
D. G. Stubbing ◽  
E. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Control Experiment ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Peak Inspiratory Pressure ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Elastic Load ◽  
Magnitude Scaling ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Loaded Breathing ◽  
Function Relationship ◽  
Background Load

Using open-magnitude scaling, we compared the perceived magnitude of externally added resistive and elastic loads to breathing in normal subjects with that perceived when the background load (i.e., the minimum load of the circuit) was increased by the addition of either resistive or elastic loads of increasing magnitude. The study was carried out over four experimental sessions. After a control experiment (no added background load), the background load was increased by the addition of either a resistive or an elastic load for a duration of 3 min. The perceived magnitude of a further series of loads, proportionately increased, was then ascertained. This sequence was then repeated after a further increase in background. The results showed that the perceived magnitude of the load was closely related [mean r = 0.96 +/- 0.01 (SE)] to the magnitude of the physical stimulus expressed as the peak inspiratory pressure by a power function relationship in keeping with Stevens' law. After the increases in background resistance or elastance, there were no significant differences in either exponents or intercepts compared with basal conditions. There was no significant difference in the perceived magnitude of the loads after adaptation. At the smallest load, the perceived magnitude was less than expected from the control experiment. However, this reduction did not reach statistical significance. In the special senses, moderate-to-large stimuli show little change after adaptation, whereas small stimuli are reduced. Although not conclusive, we suggest that the relationship is similar with loaded breathing.

scholarly journals How Is Attention in Soldiers Affected by Carrying Combat Equipment?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVA ORANTES-GONZÁLEZ ◽  
JOSE HEREDIA-JIMENEZ
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Load Control ◽  
Common Task ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Attention Performance ◽  
Background Load

Abstract Background: Load carriage is a common task in military contexts. This study analysed the influence of carrying different equipment during an obstacle course on perception and attention performance in soldiers belonging to the Spanish infantry. Methods: Forty-six soldiers were evaluated before and after having completed a 1-km obstacle course carrying the combat equipment and carrying no additional load (control). The determination test was used to measure the stress tolerance and reaction abilities, while the divided attention test measured the alertness, vigilance and divided attention. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the reaction time after the course compared to the pre-course in the control and combat conditions. In contrast, the correct and incorrect responses and number of reactions increased from the pre to post-obstacle test in the control and combat conditions. Conclusion: Soldiers improved their arousal after having completed a moderate intensity obstacle test, answering more quickly than on a pre-obstacle test.

scholarly journals Background Load Denoising across Complex Load Based on Generative Adversarial Network to Enhance Load Identification

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5674
Author(s):  
Afifatul Mukaroh ◽  
Thi-Thu-Huong Le ◽  
Howon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Load Identification ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Complex Load ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Event Information ◽  
Load Monitoring ◽  
Systems Identification ◽  
Background Load

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) allows load identification of appliances through a single sensor. By using NILM, users can monitor their electricity consumption, which is beneficial for energy efficiency or energy saving. In advance NILM systems, identification of appliances on/off events should be processed instantly. Thus, it is necessary to use an extremely short period signal of appliances to shorten the time delay for users to acquire event information. However, acquiring event information from a short period signal raises another problem. The problem is target load feature to be easily mixed with background load. The more complex the background load has, the noisier the target load occurs. This issue certainly reduces the appliance identification performance. Therefore, we provide a novel methodology that leverages Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to generate noise distribution of background load then use it to generate a clear target load. We also built a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to identify load based on single load data. Then we use that CNN model to evaluate the target load generated by GAN. The result shows that GAN is powerful to denoise background load across the complex load. It yields a high accuracy of load identification which could reach 92.04%.

Effect of background loading on perception of inspiratory loads

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 404-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Revelette ◽  
F. W. Zechman ◽  
D. E. Parker ◽  
R. L. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Subjective Magnitude ◽  
Mouth Pressure ◽  
Perceptual Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Inspiratory Load ◽  
Background Load

The effect of background loading on magnitude estimation of added elastic and resistive inspiratory loads was determined. An analogous study involving estimation of the heaviness of weights in the hand was also performed. Perceptual performance was assessed using Stevens' power law psi = k phi n, where psi is the subjective magnitude, phi is the peak mouth pressure generated with an inspiratory load or the weight of the load in grams for the heaviness estimation, and the exponent n characterizes perceptual performance. The value of n was determined for the control and background conditions for each study. The results for both inspiratory loading studies and the heaviness estimation experiment indicate that background loading is associated with a significant increase in the exponent for magnitude estimation (P less than 0.05). Adjustment of the stimulus scale by subtracting the difference in peak mouth pressures generated during resting breathing between control and background-loaded conditions for the inspiratory loading studies, or the weight of the background load in the heaviness estimation experiment, converted the exponents obtained under background-loaded conditions to values that were not significantly different from those for control (P greater than 0.05). These results are consistent with the theory suggesting that an increase in detection threshold, produced by the background load, is responsible for the increase in exponent for magnitude estimation.

scholarly journals Reward-dependent selection of feedback gains impacts rapid motor decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine De Comite ◽  
Frederic Crevecoeur ◽  
Philippe Lefevre
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Baseline Activity ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
External Loads ◽  
Direction Opposite ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Background Load

Expected reward is known to affect planning strategies through modulation of movement vigor. Strikingly, although current theories suggest that movement planning consists in selecting a goal-directed control policy, the influence of reward on feedback control strategies remains unknown. Here we investigated this question in three human reaching experiments. First, we varied the explicit reward associated with the goal target and found an overall increase in movement vigor for higher reward targets, highlighted by larger velocities, feedback responses to external loads, and background muscle activity. Then, assuming that larger feedback gains were used to reject perturbations, we sought to investigate whether this effect hindered online decisions to switch to a new target in the presence of multiple successful goals. We indeed observed idiosyncratic switching strategies dependent on both target rewards and movement vigor, such that the more vigorous movements were less likely to switch to a new goal following perturbations. To gain further insight into a causal influence of movement vigor on rapid motor decisions, we demonstrated that biasing the baseline activity and reflex gains by means of a background load evoked a larger proportion of target switches in the direction opposite to the background load associated with lower muscle activity. Our results highlight the competition between movement vigor and flexibility to switch target during movement.

Fibre slippage in cyclically perturbed fibrous assemblies

2005 ◽  
Vol 462 (2066) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Loading ◽  
Critical Behaviour ◽  
Cyclic Loads ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Single Yarn ◽  
Fibrous Assemblies ◽  
Background Load

The dynamics of fibre slippage within general non-bonded fibrous assemblies is studied in the situation where the assembly is subjected to general small cyclic loads. Two models are proposed. The first is applicable when the general cyclic loading is complemented by an occasional tugging force on one end of a fibre, which causes it to gradually withdraw from the assembly, such as might occur during the pilling of a textile. The second considers the situation in which the cyclic perturbations act around a constant background load applied to the assembly. The dynamics is reminiscent of self-organized critical behaviour. This model is applied to predict the progressive elongation of a single yarn during weaving.

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