More on Shared-Scalar-Product Protocols

2006 ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huafei Zhu ◽  
Feng Bao ◽  
Tieyan Li ◽  
Ying Qiu
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Product

scholarly journals Nilpotent symmetries as a mechanism for Grand Unification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Andersson ◽  
András László ◽  
Błażej Ruba
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Field ◽  
Scalar Product ◽  
Local Symmetry ◽  
Matter Field ◽  
Gauge Fields ◽  
Spacetime Symmetries ◽  
Invariant Scalar ◽  
Spacetime Manifold ◽  
Local Symmetries ◽  
Dilatation Group

Abstract In the classic Coleman-Mandula no-go theorem which prohibits the unification of internal and spacetime symmetries, the assumption of the existence of a positive definite invariant scalar product on the Lie algebra of the internal group is essential. If one instead allows the scalar product to be positive semi-definite, this opens new possibilities for unification of gauge and spacetime symmetries. It follows from theorems on the structure of Lie algebras, that in the case of unified symmetries, the degenerate directions of the positive semi-definite invariant scalar product have to correspond to local symmetries with nilpotent generators. In this paper we construct a workable minimal toy model making use of this mechanism: it admits unified local symmetries having a compact (U(1)) component, a Lorentz (SL(2, ℂ)) component, and a nilpotent component gluing these together. The construction is such that the full unified symmetry group acts locally and faithfully on the matter field sector, whereas the gauge fields which would correspond to the nilpotent generators can be transformed out from the theory, leaving gauge fields only with compact charges. It is shown that already the ordinary Dirac equation admits an extremely simple prototype example for the above gauge field elimination mechanism: it has a local symmetry with corresponding eliminable gauge field, related to the dilatation group. The outlined symmetry unification mechanism can be used to by-pass the Coleman-Mandula and related no-go theorems in a way that is fundamentally different from supersymmetry. In particular, the mechanism avoids invocation of super-coordinates or extra dimensions for the underlying spacetime manifold.

scholarly journals Lexicographic Orders of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Values and Their Relationships

Mathematics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Feng ◽  
Meiqi Liang ◽  
Hamido Fujita ◽  
Ronald Yager ◽  
Xiaoyan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Scalar Product ◽  
Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽  
Benchmark Problem ◽  
Score Functions ◽  
Intuitionistic Fuzzy ◽  
Multiple Attribute ◽  
Risk Investment ◽  
Membership Score

Intuitionistic fuzzy multiple attribute decision making deals with the issue of ranking alternatives based on the decision information quantified in terms of intuitionistic fuzzy values. Lexicographic orders can serve as efficient and indispensable tools for comparing intuitionistic fuzzy values. This paper introduces a number of lexicographic orders by means of several measures such as the membership, non-membership, score, accuracy and expectation score functions. Some equivalent characterizations and illustrative examples are provided, from which the relationships among these lexicographic orders are ascertained. We also propose three different compatible properties of preorders with respect to the algebraic sum and scalar product operations of intuitionistic fuzzy values, and apply them to the investigation of compatible properties of various lexicographic orders. In addition, a benchmark problem regarding risk investment is further explored to give a comparative analysis of different lexicographic orders and highlight the practical value of the obtained results for solving real-world decision-making problems.

scholarly journals NON-HERMITIAN OSCILLATOR-LIKE HAMILTONIANS AND λ-COHERENT STATES REVISITED

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JULES BECKERS ◽  
NATHALIE DEBERGH ◽  
JOSÉ F. CARIÑENA ◽  
GIUSEPPE MARMO
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Hilbert Spaces ◽  
Coherent States ◽  
Scalar Product ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Usual Scalar ◽  
Usual Scalar Product

Previous λ-deformed non-Hermitian Hamiltonians with respect to the usual scalar product of Hilbert spaces dealing with harmonic oscillator-like developments are (re)considered with respect to a new scalar product in order to take into account their property of self-adjointness. The corresponding deformed λ-states lead to new families of coherent states according to the DOCS, AOCS and MUCS points of view.

Notes on Screw Product Operations in the Formulations of Successive Finite Displacements

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chintien Huang
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Product ◽  
Direction Cosine ◽  
Linear Representation ◽  
Finite Displacements

Abstract Geometrical interpretations of two line-based formulations of successive finite displacements in terms of screw product operations is discussed. The pitch of the screw product of two unit line vectors is shown to be the ratio of the distance to the tangent of the projected angle between the two lines. Finite twists in Dimentberg’s formulation are interpreted as the screw product of unit line vectors divided by the scalar product of the same unit line vectors. Finite twists in the linear representation are the screw product of unit line vectors divided by the scalar product of the direction-cosine vectors of the same lines.

Constitutive inequalities for isotropic elastic solids under finite strain

1970 ◽  
Vol 314 (1519) ◽  
pp. 457-472 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Product ◽  
Finite Strain ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Elastic Solids ◽  
Intrinsic Interest ◽  
Typical Member ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Constitutive Inequalities ◽  
Strain Measures

Possible restrictions on isotropic constitutive laws for finitely deformed elastic solids are examined from the standpoint of Hill (1968). This introduced the notion of conjugate pairs of stress and strain measures, whereby families of contending inequalities can be generated. A typical member inequality stipulates that the scalar product of the rates of change of certain conjugate variables is positive in all circumstances. Interrelations between the various inequalities are explored, and some statical implications are established. The discussion depends on several ancillary theorems which are apparently new; these have, in addition, an intrinsic interest in the broad field of basic stress—strain analysis.

SEISMIC RECIPROCITY

Geophysics ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leon Knopoff ◽  
Anthony F. Gangi
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Product ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Reciprocity Relations ◽  
Green's Tensor ◽  
Vector Case ◽  
Green’S Tensor

The reciprocity relationship describing the relations among the fields resulting from the interchange of point sources and receivers may be extended to the seismic case. Seismic reciprocity can be described either in terms of the scalar product of the vectors representing the excitation of the source and the field at the receiver, or in terms of a Green’s tensor describing these two quantities. Theoretical reciprocity relations give no information concerning reciprocity in the cases for which the scalar product vanishes. A simple experiment in the vector case demonstrates that reciprocity is not obtained when the scalar product of the two vectors vanishes.

Sturm-Liouville operators with an indefinite weight function

1977 ◽  
Vol 78 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Daho ◽  
H. Langer
Keyword(s):  
Weight Function ◽  
Liouville Equation ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Scalar Product ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Indefinite Weight ◽  
Indefinite Weight Function ◽  
Sturm Liouville ◽  
Liouville Operators

SynopsisSpectral properties of the singular Sturm-Liouville equation –(p−1y′)′ + qy = λry with an indefinite weight function r are studied in . The main tool is the theory of definitisable operators in spaces with an indefinite scalar product.

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