scholarly journals Mutations in the E2 Glycoprotein of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Confer Heparan Sulfate Interaction, Low Morbidity, and Rapid Clearance from Blood of Mice

Virology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Bernard ◽  
William B. Klimstra ◽  
Robert E. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
E2 Glycoprotein ◽  
Rapid Clearance

scholarly journals Resveratrol Inhibits Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection by Interfering with the AKT/GSK Pathway

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Caitlin W. Lehman ◽  
Kylene Kehn-Hall ◽  
Megha Aggarwal ◽  
Nicole R. Bracci ◽  
Han-Chi Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

The host proteins Protein Kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) are associated with multiple neurodegenerative disorders. They are also important for the replication of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), thereby making the AKT/GSK-3 pathway an attractive target for developing anti-VEEV therapeutics. Resveratrol, a natural phytochemical, has been shown to substantially inhibit the AKT pathway. Therefore, we attempted to explore whether it exerts any antiviral activity against VEEV. In this study, we utilized green fluorescent protein (GFP)- and luciferase-encoding recombinant VEEV to determine the cytotoxicity and antiviral efficacy via luciferase reporter assays, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescent assays. Our results indicate that resveratrol treatment is capable of inhibiting VEEV replication, resulting in increased viability of Vero and U87MG cells as well as reduced virion production and viral RNA contents within host cells for at least 48 h with a single treatment. Furthermore, the suppression of apoptotic signaling adaptors, caspase-3, caspase-7, and annexin V may also be implicated in resveratrol-mediated antiviral activity. We found that decreased phosphorylation of the AKT/GSK-3 pathway, mediated by resveratrol, can be triggered during the early stages of VEEV infection, suggesting that resveratrol disrupts the viral replication cycle and consequently promotes cell survival. Finally, molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that resveratrol can directly bind to VEEV glycoproteins, which may interfere with virus attachment and entry. In conclusion, our results suggest that resveratrol exerts inhibitory activity against VEEV infection and upon further modification could be a useful compound to study in neuroprotective research and veterinary sciences.

scholarly journals Spatial Dispersion of Adult Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Sylvatic Focus of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilmer Méndez ◽  
Jonathan Liria ◽  
Juan-Carlos Navarro ◽  
Carmen Z. García ◽  
Jerome E. Freier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dispersion ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

Congenital cerebral and ocular malformations induced in rhesus monkeys by Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus

Teratology ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. T. London ◽  
Neil H. Levitt ◽  
Stephen G. Kent ◽  
Vernon G. Wong ◽  
John L. Sever
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus

scholarly journals The Role of IKKβ in Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e86745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moushimi Amaya ◽  
Kelsey Voss ◽  
Gavin Sampey ◽  
Svetlana Senina ◽  
Cynthia de la Fuente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus
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