Use of Fos as an Index of Altered Neuronal Activation in Aging Animals

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 182-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activation

Patterns of Neuronal Activation During Development of Sodium Sensitive Hypertension in SHR

Hypertension ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1572-1577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam S. Budzikowski ◽  
Faranak Vahid-Ansari ◽  
George S. Robertson ◽  
Frans H. H. Leenen
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activation

scholarly journals Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 658
Author(s):  
Erin L. Wood ◽  
David G. Christian ◽  
Mohammed Arafat ◽  
Laura K. McColl ◽  
Colin G. Prosser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Animal Milk ◽  
The Impact

Adjustment of protein content in milk formulations modifies protein and energy levels, ensures amino acid intake and affects satiety. The shift from the natural whey:casein ratio of ~20:80 in animal milk is oftentimes done to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk. Studies show that 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milks differently affect glucose metabolism and hormone release; these data parallel animal model findings. It is unknown whether the adjustment from the 20:80 to 60:40 ratio affects appetite and brain processes related to food intake. In this set of studies, we focused on the impact of the 20:80 vs. 60:40 whey:casein content in milk on food intake and feeding-related brain processes in the adult organism. By utilising laboratory mice, we found that the 20:80 whey:casein milk formulation was consumed less avidly and was less preferred than the 60:40 formulation in short-term choice and no-choice feeding paradigms. The relative PCR analyses in the hypothalamus and brain stem revealed that the 20:80 whey:casein milk intake upregulated genes involved in early termination of feeding and in an interplay between reward and satiety, such as melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), oxytocin (OXT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R). The 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein formulation intake differently affected brain neuronal activation (assessed through c-Fos, an immediate-early gene product) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the shift from the 20:80 to 60:40 whey:casein ratio in milk affects short-term feeding and relevant brain processes.

scholarly journals Memory-specific correlated neuronal activity in higher-order auditory regions of a parrot

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Satoh ◽  
Hiroko Eda-Fujiwara ◽  
Aiko Watanabe ◽  
Yasuharu Okamoto ◽  
Takenori Miyamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Contact Calls ◽  
Contrast Exposure ◽  
Auditory Region ◽  
Neuronal Representation ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractMale budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) are open-ended learners that can learn to produce new vocalisations as adults. We investigated neuronal activation in male budgerigars using the expression of the protein products of the immediate early genes zenk and c-fos in response to exposure to conspecific contact calls (CCs: that of the mate or an unfamiliar female) in three subregions (CMM, dNCM and vNCM) of the caudomedial pallium, a higher order auditory region. Significant positive correlations of Zenk expression were found between these subregions after exposure to mate CCs. In contrast, exposure to CCs of unfamiliar females produced no such correlations. These results suggest the presence of a CC-specific association among the subregions involved in auditory memory. The caudomedial pallium of the male budgerigar may have functional subdivisions that cooperate in the neuronal representation of auditory memory.

scholarly journals Exploring the possibility of applying different neuronal activation functions to a single-circuit ACS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1889 (2) ◽  
pp. 022007
Author(s):  
A S Pomogaev ◽  
D A Dementev ◽  
D M Krasnenko ◽  
A S Shtylenko
Keyword(s):  
Activation Functions ◽  
Neuronal Activation
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