Reactivity of Ammonium Chloride/Mercuric Chloride Mixtures with Monel Containers. The New Compounds (NH4)2(NH3)x[Ni(NH3)2Cl4] and (NH4)5Cl2[CuCl2][CuCl4]

2001 ◽  
Vol 162 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Meyer ◽  
Peter Nockemann
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
New Compounds

The preparation of halogenotrimolybdate(II) compounds

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Allison ◽  
IR Anderson ◽  
JC Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Redox Reaction ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
New Compounds

The preparation of halogenotrimolybdate(II) compounds containing the staphylonuclear groups, (Mo3Cl13)7-, (Mo3Br13)7-, (Mo3Cl12)6-,(Mo3Cl11)5-, (Mo3Br11)5-, (Mo3Br11)5- has been thoroughly examined and 11 new compounds are reported. No iodomolybdate(II) compounds were observed. When (NH4)7Mo3Cl13,H2O is heated in vacuum, ammonium chloride is evolved but the final product is never MoCl2. This chloromolybdate(II) undergoes rapid reaction with refluxing acetic acid to give an approximately two-thirds yield of molybdenum(II) acetate. This suggests the cleaving of an Mo3 group to give Mo2(CH3CO2)4. Crystalline [Co en3]3Mo3Cl15,6H2O undergoes spontaneous intramolecular redox reaction which is stimulated by light, or moisture, but not oxygen.

Protective Effect of a Sucrose Diet in Mercuric Chloride Poisoning

1957 ◽  
Vol 190 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Surtshin
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Mercuric Chloride ◽  
Initial Dose ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Sucrose Diet ◽  
Sucrose Feeding ◽  
Chloride Poisoning

Rats fed only sucrose and vitamins for 3 weeks or more usually survive intravenous injection of 3 mg/ kg of mercuric chloride, a dose lethal for rats on a normal diet. Survivors returned to a normal diet grow rapidly and appear grossly normal. Survival occurs in the presence of a diminished rate of excretion of radiomercury and a renal concentration and content of radiomercury higher in sucrose-fed protected rats than in unprotected rats on a normal diet. Sucrose feeding itself causes slower excretion of mercury; evidence indicates that the renal binding of mercury in protected rats is greater than in the unprotected. Some sucrose-fed rats surviving an initial dose of mercuric chloride, survive additional doses after return to a normal diet. The excretion and renal content of mercury is not altered by ammonium chloride acidosis in chow-fed rats given mercuric chloride.

Crystal chemistry of high-Tc superconductors

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1119
Author(s):  
Maryvonne Hervieu
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Copper Oxides ◽  
High Tc Superconductors ◽  
High Tc ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
Square Planar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bismuth Cuprates ◽  
New Compounds

Four years after the discovery of superconductivity at high temperature in the Ba-La-Cu-O system, more than thirty new compounds have been synthesized, which can be classified in six series of copper oxides: La2CuO4 - type oxides, bismuth cuprates, YBa2Cu3O7 family, thallium cuprates, lead cuprates and Nd2CuO4 - type oxides. Despite their quite different specific natures, close relationships allow their structures to be simply described through a single mechanism. The fifth first families can indeed be described as intergrowths of multiple oxygen deficient perovskite slabs with multiple rock salt-type slabs, according to the representation [ACuO3-x]m [AO]n.The n and m values are integer in the parent structures, n varying from 0 to 3 and m from 1 to 4; every member of this large family can thus be symbolized by [m,n]. The oxygen deficient character of the perovskite slabs involves the existence or the co-existence of several types of copper environment: octahedral, pyramidal and square planar.Both mechanisms, oxygen deficiency and intergrowth, are well known to give rise easily to nonstoichiometry phenomena. Numerous and various phenomena have actually been characterized in these cuprates, strongly depending on the thermal history of the samples.

Evaluation of New Compounds for Opioid Activity: Annual Report (1993)

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Woods ◽  
◽  
C. P. France ◽  
F. Medzihradsky ◽  
C. B. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Report ◽  
Opioid Activity ◽  
New Compounds

ALDOSTERONE STIMULATION IN VITRO

1965 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürg Müller
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Urine Extract ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Aldosterone Production

ABSTRACT An extract of human urine, which was previously shown to stimulate aldosterone production by rat adrenal sections, was further purified. Evidence was obtained that its aldosterone-stimulating effect was due to the presence of ammonium ions. Addition of ammonium chloride and of urine extract to the incubation medium caused identical increases in aldosterone production in vitro. In addition to ammonium ions, rubidium and caesium ions also stimulated aldosterone production up to 250% that of control values without a significant effect on corticosterone production. Similar dose-response curves were obtained when increasing concentrations of potassium, ammonium, rubidium and caesium ions were tested. Aldosterone production was maximal at concentrations of 7 mval/1 and was significantly lower at higher concentrations. When ammonium chloride and ACTH were simultaneously added to the incubation medium, the production of aldosterone and of corticosterone was lower than with ACTH alone. On the other hand, the stimulating activity on aldosterone and corticosterone production by »TPN« (NADP) and glucose-6-phosphate was enhanced by the simultaneous addition of ammonium chloride.

A common mechanism links activities of butyrate in the colon

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohit S. Verma ◽  
Michael J. Fink ◽  
Gabriel L Salmon ◽  
Nadine Fornelos ◽  
Takahiro E. Ohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Epithelial Stem Cells ◽  
Degree Of Unsaturation ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
New Compounds

Two biological activities of butyrate in the colon (suppression of proliferation of colonic epithelial stem cells and inflammation) correlate with inhibition of histone deacetylases. Cellular and biochemical studies of molecules similar in structure to butyrate, but different in molecular details (functional groups, chain-length, deuteration, oxidation level, fluorination, or degree of unsaturation) demonstrated that these activities were sensitive to molecular structure, and were compatible with the hypothesis that butyrate acts by binding to the Zn<sup>2+</sup> in the catalytic site of histone deacetylases. Structure-activity relationships drawn from a set of 36 compounds offer a starting point for the design of new compounds targeting the inhibition of histone deacetylases. The observation that butyrate was more potent than other short-chain fatty acids is compatible with the hypothesis that crypts evolved (at least in part), to separate stem cells at the base of crypts from butyrate produced by commensal bacteria.

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Multiparameter Optimization in de novo Drug Design

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niclas Ståhl ◽  
Göran Falkman ◽  
Alexander Karlsson ◽  
Gunnar Mathiason ◽  
Jonas Boström
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
De Novo ◽  
De Novo Drug Design ◽  
Generative Process ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Multiparameter Optimization ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
New Compounds

<p>In medicinal chemistry programs it is key to design and make compounds that are efficacious and safe. This is a long, complex and difficult multi-parameter optimization process, often including several properties with orthogonal trends. New methods for the automated design of compounds against profiles of multiple properties are thus of great value. Here we present a fragment-based reinforcement learning approach based on an actor-critic model, for the generation of novel molecules with optimal properties. The actor and the critic are both modelled with bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The AI method learns how to generate new compounds with desired properties by starting from an initial set of lead molecules and then improve these by replacing some of their fragments. A balanced binary tree based on the similarity of fragments is used in the generative process to bias the output towards structurally similar molecules. The method is demonstrated by a case study showing that 93% of the generated molecules are chemically valid, and a third satisfy the targeted objectives, while there were none in the initial set.</p>

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