How Do Logical Inference Rules Help Construct Social Mental Models?

1997 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich von Hecker
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Logical Inference

On the Mental Representation of Conditional Sentences

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan St. B. T. Evans ◽  
Charles E. Ellis ◽  
Stephen E. Newstead
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Conditional Reasoning ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Counter Example ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Blue Triangle ◽  
Conditional Statements

Four experiments are reported which attempt to externalize subjects’ mental representation of conditional sentences, using novel research methods. In Experiment 1, subjects were shown arrays of coloured shapes and asked to rate the degree to which they appeared to be true of conditional statements such as “If the figure is green then it is a triangle”. The arrays contained different distributions of the four logically possible cases in which the antecedent or consequent is true or false: TT, TF, FT, and FF. For example, a blue triangle would be FT for the conditional quoted above. In Experiments 2 to 4, subjects were able to construct their own arrays to make conditionals either true or false with any distribution of the four cases they wished to choose. The presence and absence of negative components was varied, as was the form of the conditional, being either “if then” as above or “only if”: “The figure is green only if it is a triangle”. The first finding was that subjects represent conditionals in fuzzy way: conditionals that include some counter-example TF cases (Experiment 1) may be rated as true, and such cases are often included when subjects construct an array to make the rule true (Experiments 2 to 4). Other findings included a strong tendency to include psychologically irrelevant FT and FF cases in constructed arrays, presumably to show that conditional statements only apply some of the time. A tendency to construct cases in line with the “matching bias” reported on analogous tasks in the literature was found, but only in Experiment 4, where the number of symbols available to construct each case was controlled. The findings are discussed in relation to the major contemporary theories of conditional reasoning based upon inference rules and mental models, neither of which can account for all the results.

Legal argumentation in Mesopotamia since Ur III

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-282
Author(s):  
Andrew Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Modus Ponens ◽  
Legal Argumentation ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Ur Iii ◽  
Correct Application

Abstract In this paper, I show that we can find some foundations of logic and legal argumentation in the tablets of Mesopotamia at least since the dynasty of Ur III. In these texts, we see the oldest correct application of logical inference rules (e.g. modus ponens). As concerns the legal argumentation established in Mesopotamia, we can reconstruct on the basis of the tablets the following rules of dispute resolutions during trials: (1) There are two parties of disputants: (i) a protagonist who formulates a standpoint and (ii) an antagonist who disagrees with the protagonist’s standpoint and formulates an alternative statement. (2) There is a rational judge represented by high-ranking citizens who should follow only logical conclusions from facts and law articles as premises.

scholarly journals Development of Methods for Integrating Automatic Logical Inference Tools to Generate Knowledge in the Ontological Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 29-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Kapustina ◽  
D. E. Palchunov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Software System ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
Ontological Model ◽  
Representation Of Knowledge

The article is devoted to the development of new knowledge generation methods based on the analysis of natural language texts. To extract knowledge from natural language texts, the method of presenting sentences in the form of binary predicates with new constant-situation is used. For the representation of knowledge in a formal form, we use quantifier-free sentences of predicate logic, as well as the OWL DL language. The generation of new knowledge is realized with the help of reasoners, using pre-defined patterns of inference rules. A software system has been developed that allows users to get answers to specific questions related to given natural language texts. The answers are built in a natural language, using not only the knowledge that is explicitly contained in the document being processed, but also the knowledge generated by the reasoners.

Acquisition and Use of Mental Operators: Effects of Type of Practice

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkhard Müller ◽  
Jürgen Gehrke
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Acquisition Phase ◽  
Practice Test ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

Abstract. Planning interactions with the physical world requires knowledge about operations; in short, mental operators. Abstractness of content and directionality of access are two important properties to characterize the representational units of this kind of knowledge. Combining these properties allows four classes of knowledge units to be distinguished that can be found in the literature: (a) rules, (b) mental models or schemata, (c) instances, and (d) episodes or chunks. The influence of practicing alphabet-arithmetic operators in a prognostic, diagnostic, or retrognostic way (A + 2 = ?, A? = C, or ? + 2 = C, respectively) on the use of that knowledge in a subsequent test was used to assess the importance of these dimensions. At the beginning, the retrognostic use of knowledge was worse than the prognostic use, although identical operations were involved (A + 2 = ? vs. ? - 2 = A). This disadvantage was reduced with increased practice. Test performance was best if the task and the letter pairs were the same as in the acquisition phase. Overall, the findings support theories proposing multiple representational units of mental operators. The disadvantage for the retrognosis task was recovered in the test phase, and may be evidence for the importance of the order of events independent of the order of experience.

Mental Logic Versus Mental Models

1992 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Richard A. Griggs
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Mental Logic

Deontic Reasoning, Mental Models Theory and Traffic Signs Information

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Vargas ◽  
Sergio Moreno-Rios ◽  
Candida Castro ◽  
Geoffrey Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Mental Models ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Deontic Reasoning ◽  
Mental Models Theory
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