Some Sexually Dimorphic Features of the Human Juvenile Skull and their Value in Sex Determination in Immature Skeletal Remains

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theya Molleson ◽  
Karen Cruse ◽  
Simon Mays
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic

scholarly journals Osteometric sex determination of burned human skeletal remains

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 906-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gonçalves ◽  
T.J.U. Thompson ◽  
E. Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Human Skeletal Remains

Cross-sexual Transfer

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Alternative Phenotypes ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Critical Age ◽  
Sexual Traits ◽  
Discrete Traits ◽  
Dimorphic Species ◽  
Determination Mechanism

Distinctive male and female traits are perhaps the most familiar of all divergent specializations within species. In cross-sexual transfer, discrete traits that are expressed exclusively in one sex in an ancestral species appear in the opposite sex of descendants. An example is the expression of brood care by males in a lineage where ancestral females are the exclusive caretakers of the young, as in some voles (Thomas and Birney, 1979). Despite the prominence of sexual dimorphism and sex reversals in nature, and an early explicit treatment by Darwin, discussed in the next section, cross-sexual transfer is not often recognized as a major factor in the evolution of novelty (but see, on animals, Mayr, 1963, pp. 435-439; Mayr, 1970, p. 254; on plants, Iltis, 1983). When more widely investigated, cross-sexual transfer may prove to rival heterochrony and duplication as an important source of novelties in sexually dimorphic lineages. For this reason, I devote more attention here to cross-sexual transfer than to these other, well-established general patterns of change. The male and female of a sexually dimorphic species may be so different that it is easy to forget that each individual carries most or all of the genes necessary to produce the phenotype of the opposite sex. Sex determination, like caste determination and other switches between alternative phenotypes, depends on only a few genetic loci or, in many species, environmental factors (Bull, 1983). There is considerable flexibility in sex determination and facultative reversal in some taxa. Among fish, for example, there is even a species wherein sex is determined by juvenile size at a critical age (Francis and Barlow, 1993). The sex determination mechanism, whatever its nature, leads to a series of sex-limited responses, often coordinated by hormones and not necessarily all occurring at once. A distinguishing aspect of sexually dimorphic traits in adults is that there is often a close homology between the secondary sexual traits that are differently modified in the two sexes.

scholarly journals Role of autonomous and non-autonomous sex determination signals in sexually dimorphic development of the Drosophila embryonic gonad

2007 ◽  
Vol 306 (1) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Crnkovich ◽  
T.J. DeFalco ◽  
S Le Bras ◽  
A.L. Casper ◽  
M.B. Van Doren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Embryonic Gonad

scholarly journals Sex determination in skeletal remains from the medieval Eastern Adriatic coast – discriminant function analysis of humeri

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željana Bašić ◽  
Ivana Anterić ◽  
Katarina Vilović ◽  
Anja Petaros ◽  
Alan Bosnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Adriatic Coast

scholarly journals Temperature-dependent effects of house fly proto-Y chromosomes on gene expression act independently of the sex determination pathway

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Adhikari ◽  
Jae Hak Son ◽  
Anna H. Rensink ◽  
Jaweria Jaweria ◽  
Daniel Bopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
House Fly ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Polygenic Sex Determination

AbstractSex determination, the developmental process by which sexually dimorphic phenotypes are established, evolves fast. Species with polygenic sex determination, in which master regulatory genes are found on multiple different proto-sex chromosomes, are informative models to study the evolution of sex determination. House flies are such a model system, with male determining loci possible on all six chromosomes and a female-determiner on one of the chromosomes as well. The distributions of the two most common male-determining proto-Y chromosomes across natural populations suggests that temperature variation is an important selection pressure responsible for maintaining polygenic sex determination in this species. To test that hypothesis, we used RNA-seq to identify temperature-dependent effects of the proto-Y chromosomes on gene expression. We find no evidence for ecologically meaningful temperature-dependent expression of sex determining genes between male genotypes, but we identified hundreds of other genes whose expression depends on the interaction between proto-Y chromosome genotype and temperature. Notably, genes with genotype-by-temperature interactions on expression are not enriched on the proto-sex chromosomes. Moreover, there is no evidence that temperature-dependent expression is driven by chromosome-wide expression divergence between the proto-Y and proto-X alleles. Therefore, if temperature-dependent gene expression is responsible for differences in phenotypes and fitness of proto-Y genotypes across house fly populations, these effects are driven by a small number of temperature-dependent alleles on the proto-Y chromosomes.

scholarly journals METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING THE SEX OF ADULT HUMAN BY ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ARYTENOID CARTILAGES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafkat R Kalimullin ◽  
Viktor N Zvyagin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Arytenoid Cartilage ◽  
Visual Examination ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT. Background. One of the main issues of general personality identification is the ascertainment of the sex of impersonated or fragmented bodies. There are sporadic reports of the larynx cartilage sexual dimorphism in the forensic medical literature, among which arytenoid cartilages are absent. The publications have morphometric focus, the practical aspects of gender diagnostics are not considered, which occasion determined the purpose of this work.Aim: To develop a method for determining sex using sexually dimorphic anatomical and morphological arytenoid cartilage features of an adult. Materials and methods. The anatomical and morphological features of arytenoid cartilage from 160 males (80) and females (80) at the age from 20 to 78 years were studied. The visual examination revealed differences related to gender in 9 characteristics. The reliability of traits' sexual dimorphism was verified using the Chi-square test and proportionality coefficients.Results. The informational significance of the features was clarified and the individual observations were digitized using the formula. The possibility of sex determination by arytenoid cartilage was established in 93.75% of cases. In the remaining 6.25%, there was substantiated the conclusion that it is impossible to solve this problem using a given set of features.Conclusion. The developed method for determining gender is highly accurate and can be used in gender diagnostics in the process of a forensic medical larynx examination of a decayed or a fragmented corpse.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism: metric measurements based study in human talus bone

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3070
Author(s):  
Tarun Dagar ◽  
Luv Sharma ◽  
Kunal Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Metric Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Excellent Tool

 Background: Identification is the act of establishing the identity of an individual. This is a dynamic process and human remains in form of bones can serve as an excellent tool for establishing the sexual identity of the deceased, along with other methods such as DNA, fingerprints, blood group identification etc. Metric analysis of various bones can serve as a viable alternative in cases when morphological analysis is not possible due to damage to the skeletal remains or as an additive analytical tool to establish a positive identity.Methods: Metric analysis of various parameters of randomly selected 100 pairs of human talus bones (50 male and 50 female) as a means of establishing sexual identity from skeletal remains obtained from unidentified and unclaimed dead bodies brought for autopsy.Results: In the present study we found that the values of all the various dimensions measured were higher among the male subjects as compared to that in female samples as was expected. On further analysis, this difference was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). For the right sided and left sided talus bone, the probable accuracy for various parameters ranged between 83.3% to 100% each, thus indicating strong correlation between sex of the subject and various measurements.Conclusions: The tarsal and their dimensions are highly sexually dimorphic and are useful in determining sex in individuals of this region.

scholarly journals A matter of timing

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W Perry ◽  
Claude Desplan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Genetic Pathway ◽  
C Elegans

A genetic pathway that times development works together with the sex-determination pathway to control the timing of sexually dimorphic neural development in C. elegans.

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