Relationship of Aquatic Natural Organic Material Characteristics to the Toxicity of Selected Insecticides

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Kadlec ◽  
W.H. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Natural Organic Material

ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman L. Sahwan
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

INFLUENCE OF STICKY RICE AND ANIONIC POLYACRYLAMIDE ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN CHINESE ORGANIC SANHETU

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (06) ◽  
pp. 1550073 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUI LIU ◽  
CHANGSHENG PENG ◽  
MIN DAI ◽  
QINGBAO GU ◽  
SHAOXIAN SONG
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Additive Concentration ◽  
Reactant Concentration ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
Anionic Polyacrylamide

The crystallization of calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3) in soil controlled by natural organic material was considered a very important reason to enhance the property of ancient Chinese organic Sanhetu (COS), but how the organic material affected the crystallization of CaCO 3 in COS is still unclear. In this paper, a natural organic material (sticky rice, SR) and a synthetic organic material (anionic polyacrylamide, APAM) were selected as additives to investigate their effect on the crystallization of CaCO 3. The experimental results showed that the morphology and size of CaCO 3 crystals could be affected by the concentration of additives and reaction time, while only the size of CaCO 3 crystals could be affected by the concentration of reactant. Although the morphology and size of CaCO 3 crystals varied greatly with the variation of additive concentration, reactant concentration and reaction time, the polymorph of CaCO 3 crystals were always calcite, according to SEM/EDX, XRD and FTIR analyses. This study may help us to better understand the mechanism of the influence of organic materials on CaCO 3 crystallization and properties of COS.

Analysing the relationship of CO2 and O2 concentrations and flux patterns in forest soils

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Gartiser ◽  
Verena Lang ◽  
Martin Maier
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Relationship Of

<p>Soils act as bioreactors for the production and consumption of different gases. CO<sub>2</sub> is usually produced in soils due to the oxidation of organic material. Under aerobic conditions, this production is coupled to a consumption of O<sub>2</sub> resulting in concentration profiles that increase with depth for CO<sub>2</sub> and decrease for O<sub>2</sub>. Depending on the organic material present, the exchange of O<sub>2</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> is approximately equimolar in well aerated soils. This can be deduced from vertical gradients of both gases which should reflect the ratio of their diffusion coefficient (Massmann 1998). The ratio between the CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> flux is often called the respiratory coefficient. However, certain soil types or conditions may invoke anaerobe processes that may lead to a decoupling of CO<sub>2</sub> production and O<sub>2</sub> consumption. Such a decoupling can also result from oxidation of minerals or dissolution and relocation of carbonates.</p><p>Here we present long-term data of soil CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> concentrations from forest sites in South West Germany. Gas samples were collected passively starting 1998 until now using permanently installed gas wells at different depths. The samples were then analysed using gas chromatography for CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> (and additionally N<sub>2</sub>, Ar, N<sub>2</sub>O, CH<sub>4</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>).</p><p>CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes were calculated using the gradient approach (Maier et al 2020). At sites with well aerated soils, the observed CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> fluxes followed a clear linear relationship, with high effluxes of CO<sub>2</sub> corresponding to high influxes of O<sub>2</sub>. The exchange was furthermore approximately equimolar with the calculated fluxes following a -1:1 trend.</p><p>We will compare these data from well aerated soils to concentration data of CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> from less well-aerated soils with temporally suboxic conditions to further analyse the respiratory coefficient under oxygen limited conditions. Furthermore, diffusion-coefficient-normalised gradients are calculated to obtain information about the stoichiometry of the production and consumption patterns involved.</p><p> </p><p><em>Literature:</em></p><p><em>Maier M, Gartiser V, Schengel A, Lang V. Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(23):8653.</em></p><p><em>Massman, W J. A review of the molecular diffusivities of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, CO, O<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, NO, and NO<sub>2</sub> in air, O<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> near STP. Atmospheric Environment 1998; 32(6), 1111–1127</em></p><p> </p>

Coagulation of natural organic material: effects on speciation of halogenated disinfection by-products

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 245-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Singer ◽  
L. Liang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Haloacetic Acid ◽  
The Us ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
By Products

A recent paper by Liang and Singer showed that haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors were removed by coagulation to a greater degree than trihalomethane (THM) precursors. Furthermore, they showed that coagulation generally removed more trihaloacetic acid precursors than THM precursors but removed dihaloacetic acid precursors and THM precursors to a similar degree. The objectives of this current study were to compare the findings by Liang and Singer to those of three other investigations conducted in the senior author's laboratory to demonstrate the extent to which coagulation removes THM and HAA precursors, and to contrast the removal of dihaloacetic acid and trihaloacetic precursors by coagulation. These other studies were conducted on seventeen other waters from across the US.

Humic Substances as Precursors for Potentially Harmful Disinfection By-Products

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Aromatic Carbon ◽  
Ultraviolet Absorbance ◽  
Natural Organic Material ◽  
By Products

During the chlorination of drinking water, chlorine reacts with natural organic material to produce disinfection by-products, such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, which are believed to be harmful to human health. The formation of these by-products is related to the aromatic carbon content of the water, for which specific ultraviolet absorbance serves as a useful surrogate. Because humic substances in water tend to have a higher aromatic carbon content and a higher specific ultraviolet absorbance than non-humic substances, they produce greater levels of disinfection by-products.

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