scholarly journals olig2 Is Required for Zebrafish Primary Motor Neuron and Oligodendrocyte Development

2002 ◽  
Vol 248 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hae-Chul Park ◽  
Amit Mehta ◽  
Joanna S. Richardson ◽  
Bruce Appel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Primary Motor Neuron ◽  
Oligodendrocyte Development

scholarly journals Early suppression of the endocannabinoid degrading enzymes FAAH and MAGL alters locomotor development in zebrafish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Shah Sufian ◽  
Md Ruhul Amin ◽  
Declan W. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitors ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase ◽  
Acid Amide ◽  
Specific Inhibitor ◽  
Early Embryogenesis ◽  
Locomotor Development ◽  
Primary Motor Neuron ◽  
Amide Hydrolase

The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) enzymes are the predominant catabolic regulators of the major endocannabinoids (eCBs), anadamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), respectively. The expression and roles of eCBs during early embryogenesis remain to be fully investigated. Here, we inhibited FAAH and MAGL in zebrafish embryos during the first 24 hours of life and examined motor neuron and locomotor development at 2 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf). Application of the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor, JZL195 (2 µmol l−1) resulted in a reduction in primary motor neuron (PMN) and secondary motor neuron (SMN) axonal branching. JZL195 also reduced nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) expression at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Application of URB597 (5 µmol l−1), a specific inhibitor of the FAAH enzyme also decreased primary motor neuron branching but did not affect secondary motor neuron branching and nAChR expression. Interestingly, JZL184 (5 µmol l−1), a specific inhibitor of MAGL showed no effects on motor neuron branching or nAChR expression. Co-treatment of the enzyme inhibitors with the CB1R inhibitor AM 251 confirmed the involvement of CB1R in motor neuron branching. Disruption of FAAH or MAGL reduced larval swimming activity, and AM251 attenuated the JZL195 and URB597 induced locomotor changes, but not the effects of JZL184. Together, these findings indicate that inhibition of FAAH, or augmentation of AEA acting through CB1R during early development may be responsible for locomotor deficiencies.

Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy Producing Motor Manifestations Mimicking Primary Muscular Atrophy

Neurosurgery ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dorsen ◽  
George Ehni
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Motor Neuron Disease ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cervical Radiculopathy ◽  
Additional Case ◽  
Curative Surgery ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulty ◽  
Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy ◽  
Primary Motor Neuron

Abstract Cervical radiculopathy unaccompanied by pain or sensory disorder but manifested only by paresis, atrophy, fasciculation, and reflex loss is unusual. Three such cases are presented. Considerable diagnostic difficulty may arise in distinguishing patients presenting with these features from those who have primary motor neuron disease. Two additional case reports demonstrate that this distinction is not always possible. Diagnosis, management, and prognosis are discussed. Differentiation between motor neuron disease and spondylosis will avert needless surgery in the former group and will result in beneficial, sometimes curative surgery in the latter group.

Nervous Structure of the Spinal Cord of the Young Larval Brook-Lamprey

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (8) ◽  
pp. 359-383
Author(s):  
H. P. WHITING
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Motor Neuron ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Lampetra Planeri ◽  
Motor Tracts ◽  
Primary Motor Neuron ◽  
Vertebrate Embryos ◽  
Similar Stage

1. A method for the study of the nervous system of vertebrate embryos by methylene blue vital staining is described. A reliable technique for rendering the preparations permanent is described. 2. An adaptation of the silver ‘on-the-slide’ method is given. 3. Three types of sensory intramedullary neuron are described in the spinal cord of recently hatched ammocoetes, or prides, of Lampetra planeri. All three are regarded as types of Rohon-Beard cell. 4. Four contemporary correlating types of cell are described in the cord: large internuncial neurons with a dendritic system which reaches the contralateral dorsal funiculus; cells of the Commissura Infima; oblique fibres, descending caudally from the sensory to the motor tracts; and small internuncial neurons with short dendrites. 5. The relations of the Miiller fibres in the trunk are described in part. 6. Two types of motor neuron have been found; the more fully developed corresponds to the primary motor neuron of aquatic larvae of other anamniote vertebrates. 7. The peripheral fibres of the somatic system of the trunk are described. 8. The neurological pattern revealed is compared with that in adult Lampetra: the divergences from the vertebrate pattern found in the cord of the adult are not found in the young ammocoete, which in this, as in so many respects, is a good prototype of gnathostome vertebrates. 9. The probable functional pattern is compared with that found in a similar stage of Amblystoma. Neurons of the correlating and motor system appear not to have been described before in ammocoetes less than 1 year old.

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