Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IIα in Optic Axons Moves with Slow Axonal Transport and Undergoes Posttranslational Modification

2001 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. 1157-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda M. Lund ◽  
Irvine G. McQuarrie
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Posttranslational Modification ◽  
Slow Axonal Transport ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Dependent Protein ◽  
Optic Axons

Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Involvement in Release of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy W. Waters ◽  
Pat L. Chen ◽  
Newell H. McArthur ◽  
Pete A. Moreno ◽  
Paul G. Harms
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Protein Kinase Ii ◽  
Dependent Protein

scholarly journals Anti-echinococcal effect of verapamil involving the regulation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II response in vitro and in a murine infection model

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Jun Gao ◽  
Xu-Dong Sun ◽  
Yan-Ping Luo ◽  
Hua-Sheng Pang ◽  
Xing-Ming Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dependent Protein Kinase ◽  
Calcium Calmodulin Dependent ◽  
Dependent Protein

Abstract Background Echinococcosis, which is caused by the larvae of cestodes of the genus Echinococcus, is a parasitic zoonosis that poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals globally. Albendazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of echinococcosis, but it is difficult to meet clinical goals with this chemotherapy due to its low cure rate and associated side effects after its long-term use. Hence, novel anti-parasitic targets and effective treatment alternatives are urgently needed. A previous study showed that verapamil (Vepm) can suppress the growth of Echinococcus granulosus larvae; however, the mechanism of this effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to gain insight into the anti-echinococcal effect of Vepm on Echinococcus with a particular focus on the regulatory effect of Vepm on calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII) in infected mice. Methods The anti-echinococcal effects of Vepm on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (PSC) in vitro and Echinococcus multilocularis metacestodes in infected mice were assessed. The morphological alterations in Echinococcus spp. induced by Vepm were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the changes in calcium content in both the parasite and mouse serum and liver were measured by SEM-energy dispersive spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and alizarin red staining. Additionally, the changes in the protein and mRNA levels of CaM and CaMKII in infected mice, and in the mRNA levels of CaMKII in E. granulosus PSC, were evaluated after treatment with Vepm by immunohistochemistry and/or real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results In vitro, E. granulosus PSC could be killed by Vepm at a concentration of 0.5 μg/ml or higher within 8 days. Under these conditions, the ultrastructure of PSC was damaged, and this damage was accompanied by obvious calcium loss and downregulation of CaMKII mRNA expression. In vivo, the weight and the calcium content of E. multilocularis metacestodes from mice were reduced after treatment with 40 mg/kg Vepm, and an elevation of the calcium content in the sera and livers of infected mice was observed. In addition, downregulation of CaM and CaMKII protein and mRNA expression in the livers of mice infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes was found after treatment with Vepm. Conclusions Vepm exerted a parasiticidal effect against Echinococcus both in vitro and in vivo through downregulating the expression of Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII, which was over-activated by parasitic infection. The results suggest that Ca2+/CaM-CaMKII may be a novel drug target, and that Vepm is a potential anti-echinococcal drug for the future control of echinococcosis.

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