Reproductive biology of captive male cottontop tamarin monkeys as a function of social environment

2001 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita J. Ginther ◽  
Toni E. Ziegler ◽  
Charles T. Snowdon
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Tamarin Monkeys

Mate grasping in drosophila pegasa by

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Pruett-Jones ◽  
Matthew Deangelis ◽  
Carina Gronlund ◽  
Philip Ward ◽  
Jerry Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractAmong all species in the genus Drosophila whose sexual behavior has been studied, D. pegasa is unique in that males exhibit no courtship behaviour before they mount females. Instead, the male simply climbs on top of the female and rides on her abdomen ('grasping') for long intervals, often an entire 8-h observation period. In this study we conducted a series of observations and experiments to quantitatively describe grasping behaviour in D. pegasa and examine its relationship to social environment and the reproductive biology of the species. All observed courtship bouts involved grasping behavior, and males always initiated copulation during a grasping bout. The frequency of grasping and the average duration of a single grasping bout increased with the number of flies present. Males often copulated several times during a single grasping bout, and such multiple copulations during a single mounting also appear unique in the genus. Unexpectedly, the number of sperm that a male transferred to a female during a single grasping bout was negatively correlated with the number of copulations. This relationship was apparently due to repeated copulations by males who were unsuccessful at transferring sperm. Multiple copulations without sperm transfer may result from cryptic female choice. Male grasping behaviour in this species appears to have evolved as a substitute for display and courtship behaviours, but possibly also as a mate-guarding behaviour since males continue to grasp after they have successfully transferred sperm. The tarsal claws and pulvillar pads of D. pegasa are disproportionately larger than those of related Drosophila species, evolutionary changes that may facilitate grasping by males.

Fine structure and possible functions of the hermaphrodite duct of some pulmonate snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Alan N. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fine Structure ◽  
Seminal Vesicle ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Light Microscope Level ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Standard Techniques

The hermaphrodite duct of pulmonate snails connects the ovotestis to the fertilization pouch. The duct is typically divided into three zones; aproximal duct which leaves the ovotestis, the middle duct (seminal vesicle) and the distal ovotestis duct. The seminal vesicle forms the major portion of the duct and is thought to store sperm prior to copulation. In addition the duct may also play a role in sperm maturation and degredation. Although the structure of the seminal vesicle has been described for a number of snails at the light microscope level there appear to be only two descriptions of the ultrastructure of this tissue. Clearly if the role of the hermaphrodite duct in the reproductive biology of pulmonatesis to be understood, knowledge of its fine structure is required.Hermaphrodite ducts, both containing and lacking sperm, of species of the terrestrial pulmonate genera Sphincterochila, Levantina, and Helix and the marine pulmonate genus Siphonaria were prepared for transmission electron microscopy by standard techniques.

Predictors of Problematic Video Game Usage in Childhood and Adolescence

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Mößle ◽  
Florian Rehbein
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
School Children ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Video Gaming ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Longitudinal Control ◽  
Peer Problems ◽  
Media Usage ◽  
Usage Patterns

Aim: The aim of this article is to work out the differential significance of risk factors of media usage, personality and social environment in order to explain problematic video game usage in childhood and adolescence. Method: Data are drawn from the Berlin Longitudinal Study Media, a four-year longitudinal control group study with 1 207 school children. Data from 739 school children who participated at 5th and 6th grade were available for analysis. Result: To explain the development of problematic video game usage, all three areas, i. e. specific media usage patterns, certain aspects of personality and certain factors pertaining to social environment, must be taken into consideration. Video game genre, video gaming in reaction to failure in the real world (media usage), the children’s/adolescents’ academic self-concept (personality), peer problems and parental care (social environment) are of particular significance. Conclusion: The results of the study emphasize that in future – and above all also longitudinal – studies different factors regarding social environment must also be taken into account with the recorded variables of media usage and personality in order to be able to explain the construct of problematic video game usage. Furthermore, this will open up possibilities for prevention.

Reading and the Social Environment

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Louise Cherry Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
The Social

The Social Environment of Older, Unmarried Persons

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-147
Author(s):  
Mollie B. Condra
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
The Social
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