A Quantitative Histochemistry Technique for Measuring Regional Distribution of Acetylcholinesterase in the Brain Using Digital Scanning Densitometry

2001 ◽  
Vol 296 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tangeng Ma ◽  
Zhengwei Cai ◽  
Susan E. Wellman ◽  
Ing K. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Quantitative Histochemistry ◽  
Scanning Densitometry ◽  
Digital Scanning ◽  
The Brain

Regional distribution of [H]naloxone binding in the brain of a newborn rhesus monkey

1986 ◽  
Vol 390 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
J BACHEVALIER ◽  
L UNGERLEIDER ◽  
J BLANCHEONEILL ◽  
D FRIEDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals THE QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE BRAIN

1958 ◽  
Vol 232 (2) ◽  
pp. 979-993
Author(s):  
Mary V. Buell ◽  
Oliver H. Lowry ◽  
Nira R. Roberts ◽  
Mei-Ling W. Chang ◽  
Joyce I. Kapphahn
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Histochemistry ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals THE LOCALIZATION OF ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE RAT BRAIN

1960 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 649-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norwin H. Becker ◽  
Sidney Goldfischer ◽  
Woo-Yung Shin ◽  
Alex B. Novikoff
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Quantitative Histochemistry ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Nissl Substance

Studies with rat brain illustrate the usefulness of formol-calcium-fixed tissue for studying both enzymatic "chemoarchitectonics" and intracellular organelles. Unembedded frozen sections and polyvinyl alcohol-embedded sections may be used to demonstrate the activities of DPNH-tetrazolium reductase localized in mitochondria and ergastoplasm, TPNH-tetrazolium reductase localized in mitochondria, ATPase (and/or apyrase or ADPase) in cell membranes, and acid phosphatase in lysosomes.1 Among the observations recorded are: (1) the presence of lysosomes in all cells of the brain; (2) the presence of numerous large lysosomes near the nuclei of capillary endothelial cells; (3) a polarized arrangement of large lysosomes in epithelial cells of the ependyma and choroid plexus; (4) the presence of ATPase activity in the cell membranes of some neurons; (5) the presence of either an apyrase or combination of ATPase and ADPase in the cell membranes of neuroglia and capillaries; (6) the presence of both DPNH- and TPNH-tetrazolium reductase activities in neuroglia; (7) the presence of DPNH- and TPNH-tetrazolium reductase activities in mitochondria and of DPNH-tetrazolium reductase activity in Nissl substance. The possible functional significance of these localizations is briefly discussed, as is their relation to "quantitative histochemistry" data available in the literature.

scholarly journals Localization and regional distribution of p23/TMP21 in the brain

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulandaivelu S. Vetrivel ◽  
Anitha Kodam ◽  
Ping Gong ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Angèle T. Parent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
The Brain

Regional distribution of blood flow in awake heat-stressed baboons

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (6) ◽  
pp. H705-H712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Hales ◽  
L. B. Rowell ◽  
R. B. King
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Renal Vasoconstriction ◽  
Suitable Animal Model ◽  
Mean Pressure ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose ◽  
Arterial Po2 ◽  
The Brain

Radioactive microspheres (containing six different nuclide labels) were used to measure blood flow (BF) to most major organs of eight conscious baboons during heat stress. Cardiac output (CO), arterial mean pressure, and arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH did not change, but heart rate increased and stroke volume fell as body temperature increased by as much as 2.56 degrees C. Skin BF increased in all regions sampled so that the fraction of CO distributed to skin (not including feet and hands) increased from 3% (control) to 14%. Increased skin BF was compensated for by decreases in splanchnic (intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen) (35%), renal (27%), and possibly muscle BF. There was no change in BF to the brain, spinal cord, coronary, or subcutaneous adipose tissue during heating. Therefore, baboons show a generalized redistribution of BF during heat stress, so that increments in skin BF are provided without increases in CO, whereas man depends on changes in both; despite this latter difference between the baboon and man, the similarity in magnitude of the splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction between the two primates may indicate that the baboon would be a suitable animal model for investigations into mechanisms of changes in regional blood flow in man during heat stress.

scholarly journals The N-myc proto-oncogene and IGF-II growth factor mRNAs are expressed by distinct cells in human fetal kidney and brain.

1989 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 1093-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hirvonen ◽  
M Sandberg ◽  
H Kalimo ◽  
V Hukkanen ◽  
E Vuorio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cortical Plate ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Fetal Kidney ◽  
The Brain

We studied the expression of the N-myc proto-oncogene and the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) gene in human fetuses of 16-19 gestational wk. Both genes have specific roles in the growth and differentiation of embryonic tissues, such as the kidney and neural tissue. Since continued expression of N-myc and IGF-II mRNAs is also a characteristic feature of Wilms' tumor, a childhood neoplasm of probable fetal kidney origin, we were particularly interested in the possibility that their expression might be linked or coordinately regulated in the developing kidney. Expression of N-myc mRNA was observed in the brain and in the kidney by Northern hybridization analysis. In in situ hybridization of the kidney, N-myc autoradiographic grains were primarily located over epithelially differentiating mesenchyme while most of the mesenchymal stromal cells showed only a background signal with the N-myc probe. N-myc mRNA was detectable throughout the developing brain with a slight accentuation in the intermediate zone cells in between the subependymal and cortical layers. Thus, even postmitotic neuroepithelial cells of the fetal cerebrum expressed N-myc mRNA. In Northern hybridization, IGF-II mRNA signal was abundant in the kidney but much weaker, though definite, in the brain. The regional distribution of IGF-II mRNA in the kidney was largely complementary to that of N-myc. IGF-II autoradiographic grains were located predominantly over the stromal and blastemal cells with a relative lack of hybridization over the epithelial structures. In the brain, IGF-II mRNA was about two- to threefold more abundant in the subependymal and intermediate layers than in the cortical plate and ependymal zone, respectively. The fetal expression patterns of the N-myc and IGF-II mRNAs are reflected by the types of tumors known to express the corresponding genes during postnatal life such as Wilms' tumor. However, the apparent coexpression of the IGF-II and N-myc genes in immature kidneys occurs largely in distinct cell types.

The neurotoxic actions of quinolinic acid in the central nervous system

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. El-Defrawy ◽  
R. J. Boegman ◽  
K. Jhamandas ◽  
R. J. Beninger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nmda Receptor ◽  
Quinolinic Acid ◽  
Excitatory Amino Acid ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Nucleus Basalis ◽  
Cholinergic Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cholinergic Markers

Excitotoxins such as kainic acid, ibotenic acid, and quinolinic acid are a group of molecules structurally related to glutamate or aspartate. They are capable of exciting neurons and producing axon sparing neuronal degeneration. Quinolinic acid (QUIN), an endogenous metabolite of the amino acid, tryptophan, has been detected in brain and its concentration increases with age. The content of QUIN in the brain and the activity of the enzymes involved in its synthesis and metabolism show a regional distribution. The neuroexcitatory action of QUIN is antagonized by magnesium (Mg2+) and the aminophosphonates, proposed N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, suggesting that QUIN acts at the Mg2+-sensitive NMDA receptor. Like its excitatory effects, QUIN's neurotoxic actions in the striatum are antagonized by the aminophosphonates. This suggests that QUIN neurotoxicity involves the NMDA receptor and (or) another receptor sensitive to the aminophosphonates. The neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic effects of QUIN are antagonized by kynurenic acid (KYN), another metabolite of tryptophan. QUIN toxicity is dependent on excitatory amino acid afferents and shows a regional variation in the brain. Local injection of QUIN into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) results in a dose-dependent reduction in cortical cholinergic markers including the evoked release of acetylcholine. A significant reduction in cortical cholinergic function is maintained over a 3-month period. Coinjection of an equimolar ratio of QUIN and KYN into the NBM results in complete protection against QUIN-induced neurodegeneration and decreases in cortical cholinergic markers. In contrast, focal injections of QUIN into the frontoparietal cortex do not alter cortical cholinergic function. Animals showing central cholinergic hypofunction induced by QUIN could serve as experimental models for testing pharmacological agents aimed at improving the function of damaged cholinergic neurons.

scholarly journals III. Researches on the comparative structure of the cortex cerebri

1880 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 35-64 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Olfactory Lobe ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Fresh State ◽  
Limbic Lobe ◽  
Comparative Structure ◽  
Cortex Cerebri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Full Investigation

The object and scope of this paper are to detail the results of a full investigation into the minute structure of the cerebral cortex in the Pig, and to add such notes upon the histology of the same structure in the Sheep and Cat as will suffice for a fair comparative view of those divergencies in fundamental structure which present themselves between the brain of these animals and that of the highest members of the Mammalian series. Attention has been especially directed to the greater mass formed by the parietal, frontal, and upper arc of the limbic lobe, the inferior arc of the limbic lobe (gyrus hippocampi) and the olfactory lobe being left for subsequent examination. The method adopted has been that of slicing the hemispheres of fresh brain from end to end upon the freezing microtome, and examining each individual section, both in the fresh state and after preservation, by a method already described. Tables containing details of the dimensions of cells and depth of layers accompany the paper, being collated at the end for convenience of reference. The Convolutions of the Brain In the Pig. The regional distribution of ganglionic cells in the cortex of this animal constitutes so important a portion of our inquiry that, in order to avoid any obscurity in the subsequent sketch, it will be advisable to review briefly the arrangement of the convolutions and sulci. In doing so I shall follow the terminology adopted by Professor Broca, in his late important work on the comparative anatomy of the convolutions in Mammals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document