scholarly journals Effects of stress and aging on ribonucleoprotein assembly and function in the germ line

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Schisa
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
And Function ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Assembly

Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 2660-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumitaka Hayashi ◽  
Terry K. Means ◽  
Andrew D. Luster
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Latex Beads ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
And Function

Abstract The first immune cell to arrive at the site of infection is the neutrophil. Upon arrival, neutrophils quickly initiate microbicidal functions, including the production of antimicrobial products and proinflammatory cytokines that serve to contain infection. This allows the acquired immune system enough time to generate sterilizing immunity and memory. Neutrophils detect the presence of a pathogen through germ line-encoded receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. In vertebrates, the best characterized of these receptors are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We have determined the expression and function of TLRs in freshly isolated human neutrophils. Neutrophils expressed TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10—all the TLRs except TLR3. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment increased TLR2 and TLR9 expression levels. The agonists of all TLRs expressed in neutrophils triggered or primed cytokine release, superoxide generation, and L-selectin shedding, while inhibiting chemotaxis to interleukin-8 (IL-8) and increasing phagocytosis of opsonized latex beads. The response to the TLR9 agonist nonmethylated CpG-motif-containing DNA (CpG DNA) required GM-CSF pretreatment, which also enhanced the response to the other TLR agonists. Finally, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), we demonstrate a chemokine expression profile that suggests that TLR-stimulated neutrophils recruit innate, but not acquired, immune cells to sites of infection. (Blood. 2003;102:2660-2669)

scholarly journals Chromatin regulates expression of small RNAs to help maintain transposon methylome homeostasis in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjith K. Papareddy ◽  
Katalin Páldi ◽  
Subramanian Paulraj ◽  
Ping Kao ◽  
Stefan Lutzmayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Chromatin States ◽  
Heterochromatin Formation ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Decondensed Chromatin ◽  
And Function ◽  
New Generation

Abstract Background Eukaryotic genomes are partitioned into euchromatic and heterochromatic domains to regulate gene expression and other fundamental cellular processes. However, chromatin is dynamic during growth and development and must be properly re-established after its decondensation. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) promote heterochromatin formation, but little is known about how chromatin regulates siRNA expression. Results We demonstrate that thousands of transposable elements (TEs) produce exceptionally high levels of siRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana embryos. TEs generate siRNAs throughout embryogenesis according to two distinct patterns depending on whether they are located in euchromatic or heterochromatic regions of the genome. siRNA precursors are transcribed in embryos, and siRNAs are required to direct the re-establishment of DNA methylation on TEs from which they are derived in the new generation. Decondensed chromatin also permits the production of 24-nt siRNAs from heterochromatic TEs during post-embryogenesis, and siRNA production from bipartite-classified TEs is controlled by their chromatin states. Conclusions Decondensation of heterochromatin in response to developmental, and perhaps environmental, cues promotes the transcription and function of siRNAs in plants. Our results indicate that chromatin-mediated siRNA transcription provides a cell-autonomous homeostatic control mechanism to help reconstitute pre-existing chromatin states during growth and development including those that ensure silencing of TEs in the future germ line.

Genetic rescue of muscle defects associated with a mutant Drosophila melanogaster tropomyosin allele

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2977-2980
Author(s):  
E A Fyrberg ◽  
C C Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Genetic Transformation System ◽  
And Function

We describe a genetic transformation system which should prove useful for investigating tropomyosin assembly and function. Muscle abnormalities associated with a defective tropomyosin allele were corrected by integrating the wild-type gene into germ line chromosomes. The transformation protocol permits application of directed mutagenesis techniques in investigations of contractile regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Deposition and Function of Histone H3 Variants in Tetrahymena thermophila

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (20) ◽  
pp. 7719-7730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Cui ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Martin A. Gorovsky
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Tetrahymena Thermophila ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Histone H3 ◽  
Repair Synthesis ◽  
Nucleosome Density ◽  
Sexual Progeny ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Dna Repair Synthesis ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACT In Tetrahymena, HHT1 and HHT2 genes encode the same major histone H3; HHT3 and HHT4 encode similar minor H3 variants (H3s), H3.3 and H3.4. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged H3 is deposited onto chromatin through a DNA replication-coupled (RC) pathway. GFP-tagged H3.3 and H3.4 can be deposited both by a transcription-associated, replication-independent (RI) pathway and also weakly by an RC pathway. Although both types of H3s can be deposited by the RC pathway, DNA repair synthesis associated with meiotic recombination utilizes H3 specifically. The regions distinguishing H3 and H3.3 for their deposition pathways were identified. RC major H3 is not essential. Cells can grow without major H3 if the minor H3s are expressed at high levels. Surprisingly, cells lacking RI H3s are also viable and maintain normal nucleosome density at a highly transcribed region. The RC H3 is not detectably deposited by the RI pathway, even when there are no RI H3s available, indicating that transcription-associated RI H3 deposition is not essential for transcription. Minor H3s are also required to produce viable sexual progeny and play an unexpected role in the germ line micronuclei late in conjugation that is unrelated to transcription.

scholarly journals Generation and Characterization of Telomere Length Maintenance in Tankyrase 2-Deficient Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 2037-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jeffrey Chiang ◽  
My-Linh Nguyen ◽  
Sujatha Gurunathan ◽  
Patrick Kaminker ◽  
Lino Tessarollo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Polymerase Activity ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Telomere Elongation ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
And Function ◽  
Tankyrase 1

ABSTRACT Telomere length and function are crucial factors that determine the capacity for cell proliferation and survival, mediate cellular senescence, and play a role in malignant transformation in eukaryotic systems. The telomere length of a specific mammalian species is maintained within a given range by the action of telomerase and telomere-associated proteins. TRF1 is a telomere-associated protein that inhibits telomere elongation by its binding to telomere repeats, preventing access to telomerase. Human TRF1 interacts with tankyrase 1 and tankyrase 2 proteins, two related members of the tankyrase family shown to have poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. Human tankyrase 1 is reported to ADP-ribosylate TRF1 and to down-regulate the telomeric repeat binding activity of TRF1, resulting in telomerase-dependent telomere elongation. Human tankyrase 2 is proposed to have activity similar to that of tankyrase 1, although tankyrase 2 function has been less extensively characterized. In the present study, we have assessed the in vivo function of mouse tankyrase 2 by germ line gene inactivation and show that inactivation of tankyrase 2 does not result in detectable alteration in telomere length when monitored through multiple generations of breeding. This finding suggests that either mouse tankyrases 1 and 2 have redundant functions in telomere length maintenance or that mouse tankyrase 2 differs from human tankyrase 2 in its role in telomere length maintenance. Tankyrase 2 deficiency did result in a significant decrease in body weight sustained through at least the first year of life, most marked in male mice, suggesting that tankyrase 2 functions in potentially telomerase-independent pathways to affect overall development and/or metabolism.

scholarly journals Effects of stress on AMPA receptor distribution and function in the basolateral amygdala

2013 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 1169-1179 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Hubert ◽  
C. Li ◽  
D. G. Rainnie ◽  
E. C. Muly
Keyword(s):  
Ampa Receptor ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
And Function ◽  
Receptor Distribution

scholarly journals Genetic rescue of muscle defects associated with a mutant Drosophila melanogaster tropomyosin allele.

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 2977-2980 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Fyrberg ◽  
C C Karlik
Keyword(s):  
Germ Line ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Transformation System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Rescue ◽  
Transformation Protocol ◽  
Type Gene ◽  
Genetic Transformation System ◽  
And Function

We describe a genetic transformation system which should prove useful for investigating tropomyosin assembly and function. Muscle abnormalities associated with a defective tropomyosin allele were corrected by integrating the wild-type gene into germ line chromosomes. The transformation protocol permits application of directed mutagenesis techniques in investigations of contractile regulatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Analysis of the expression of PIWI-interacting RNAs during cardiac differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro La Greca ◽  
María Agustina Scarafía ◽  
María Clara Hernández Cañás ◽  
Nelba Pérez ◽  
Sheila Castañeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Pluripotent Stem Cells ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
Cardiac Differentiation ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Sense Strand ◽  
And Function

SummaryPIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs initially thought to be restricted almost exclusively to germ line cells. In recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that piRNAs are actually expressed in somatic cells like pluripotent, neural, cardiac and even cancer cells. However, controversy still remains around the existence and function of somatic piRNAs. Using small RNA-seq samples from H9 pluripotent stem cells differentiated to mesoderm progenitors and cardiomyocytes we identified the expression of 447 piRNAs, of which 241 were detected in pluripotency, 218 in mesoderm and 171 in cardiac cells. The majority of them originated from the sense strand of protein coding and lncRNAs genes in all stages of differentiation, though no evidences for secondary piRNAs (ping-pong loop) were found. Genes hosting piRNAs in cardiac samples were related to critical biological processes in the heart, like contraction and cardiac muscle development. Our results indicate that somatic piRNAs might have a role in fine-tuning the expression of genes involved in the differentiation of pluripotent cells to cardiomyocytes.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial functionality in female reproduction

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Łukasz Gąsior ◽  
Regina Daszkiewicz ◽  
Mateusz Ogórek ◽  
Zbigniew Polański
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Normal Number ◽  
Female Germ Line ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

In most animal species female germ cells are the source of mitochondrial genome for the whole body of individuals. As a source of mitochondrial DNA for future generations the mitochondria in the female germ line undergo dynamic quantitative and qualitative changes. In addition to maintaining the intact template of mitochondrial genome from one generation to another, mitochondrial role in oocytes is much more complex and pleiotropic. The quality of mitochondria determines the ability of meiotic divisions, fertilization ability, and activation after fertilization or sustaining development of a new embryo. The presence of normal number of functional mitochondria is also crucial for proper implantation and pregnancy maintaining. This article addresses issues of mitochondrial role and function in mammalian oocyte and presents new approaches in studies of mitochondrial function in female germ cells.

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